According To The First Amendment Of The United States...

According to the First Amendment of the United States Constitution, the people of the nation are entitled to the freedom of speech, but not all speech is the same. The internet provides us with an infinite amount of information, grants us access to virtually everything we could want and acts as an unrestrained vehicle of communication. In the day and age where technology is advancing and social media and internet are of rising importance, the Supreme Court of the United States has been faced with the challenge of deciding what constitutes a true threat made on social media websites. The First Amendment of the United States Constitution states that Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free†¦show more content†¦In this case, the interstate commerce would be defined as the Internet. Anthony Elonis was convicted of making threats against his ex-wife, and a FBI agent and charged with five counts of violation of 18 U.S.C  § 875(c), the federal anti-threat statute. Elonis had posted comments of his Facebook that were interpreted as threats towards not only his ex-wife but to other people in his life shortly after experiencing his wife leaving him and the loss of his job. During his trial, Elonis argued that his posts were a form of â€Å"artistic expression† that help him deal with the events he was experiencing in his life. The dialect that he used in some of the posts was said to address similar ideas as many popular rap songs, in a similar violent manner but Elonis insisted that they did not refle ct any of his personal values or beliefs as a person. He continued to argue that although the people reading his posts might have possibly perceived them as threats, he could not be convicted of making threats because he never intended to threaten anyone. The term â€Å"threat† generally means a communication with an intent to cause fear and Elonis claims that he never intended to communicate a â€Å"true threat.† Elonis argued that the United States Government must be able to prove that there was a subjective intent to harm or injure another, in accordance to the First Amendment. This means that the government must be able to confirm and be able to provide evidence that Mr. ElonisShow MoreRelatedI Had A Dream Speech By Martin Luther King Jr.1684 Words   |  7 Pagesgatherings have impacted the United States civilization as we know it. Our freedom of speech and the freedom to associate ourselves with who we please has helped the United States nation grow in development and tolerance. The ability to speak and act on our actions will have an effect on our posterity and how they will live and how their generation will think. 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Section 1 of the 14th Amendment of the United States constitution states that All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. â€Å"It is important for every citizen of a country to know their rights and responsibility so as to be able to exercise and discharge such rights and responsibilities accorded to them by the constitution when necessary. TheRead MoreFlag Desecration Synthesis Essay1321 Words   |  6 PagesFlag Should Not Be Protected The United States is known for being ‘land of the free’, a nation with a Declaration of Independence, as well, as a Constitution protecting the rights of it’s citizens. Wars have been fought and many people have died so we could have the rights that present today. 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Marijuana Prohibition Canada Free Essays

The Controlled Substances Act (Marijuana Prohibition) CLN-4U Unit One Essay Cailey Bazik CLN 4U – Unit One Essay Controlled Substances Act Marijuana Prohibition The Controlled substance act pertaining to Marijuana has been a long on going battle as to whether marijuana should be legal in Canada and taken out of this act. The law behind the drug has a long history and many failed attempts at decriminalization. There are both positive and negative effects to this law, but I believe the positive effects weigh out the negative and that because of this marijuana will be legal in the near future. We will write a custom essay sample on Marijuana Prohibition Canada or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Marijuana laws in Canada today are unresolved, as superior courts have ruled all cannabis laws to be of â€Å"no force or effect†. Although the federal level of courts have made this ruling it has not caused any changes to other Canadian jurisdictions, the Criminal Code or the Controlled Substances Act. (â€Å"Legal History of Cannabis in Canada) The Controlled Drugs and Substances Act was passed in 1996 by the government under Prime Minister John Cretien. It is Canada’s federal drug control statue. This act outlines penalties for possession, trafficking and production of the substances established as illegal, including Marijuana. â€Å"Controlled Drugs and Substances Act) Canadian laws pertaining to drugs began in 1908 with the opium act, which was replaced by the opium and narcotic drug act in 1920. Marijuana however was not added to the confidential restricted list until 1923. (â€Å"Legal History of Cannabis in Canada†) Marijuana and the laws surroundin g the issue only started to receive attention in the 1930’s and even then it was very minimal. It wasn’t until the 1960’s where problems arose with the law. At this time the maximum penalty for possession of small amounts of cannabis was 6 months n prison and a $1000 fine. A government injury was commissioned and public hearings were held to analyze the law over a period of three years. A report on the findings of this inquiry was published in 1972. The â€Å"La Dain Commission† suggested that penalties for can ibis possession be abolished, but to not legalize the substance. Of course this proposal was denied, along with other potential law reforms over the years. (â€Å"here to help†) In Recent Years the fight for the decriminalization of Marijuana has been more persistent. Research showed that Marijuana for medical use could help a number of ailments and disieses. Medical Marijuana in Canada was made legal in 2001 for things such as HIV, AIDS, multiple sclerosis, spinal cord disease and injury, anorexia severe pain, seizures and persistent muscle spasms. (â€Å"Legal History of Cannabis in Canada†) Along with the boost in medical use came a boost in personal use. According to a report from the United Nations Canada is the highest in marijuana use in the industrialized world and more than four times the global rate. â€Å"Canadian Pot Use Four Time Global Rate†) In May 2002 Chretien introduced a bill to decriminalize marijuana for personal use. This bill was denied mainly because of pressure from the U. S and a threat to slow down border crossing between the two countries. Paul Martin in 2004 tried to pass an almost identical bill, which was also rejected. (â€Å"Legal History of Cannabis in Canada†) It was in 2007 when Justice Mini ster Rob Nicholson and the conservative minority government introduced Bill C-26, which presented mandatory minimum sentences for drug offenders (â€Å"Controlled Drugs and Substances Act†). A recent poll released by Toronto’s Forum Research showed that majority of Canadians support relaxing marijuana laws. In fact it showed that 65 % of Canadians support either the decriminalization in small amounts or legalization and taxation of the substance. (Ballingall) Unfortunately with the new mandatory minimum sentences it seems our laws do not reflect societies views. (Wood, Antweiler) Although it seems Canadians and Americans are in favour of decriminalizing Marijuana it is important to understand the reason these laws are there in the first place. Marijuana is harmful to ones health and to youth. The president of the Canadian Police Association believes Canadians are trying to decriminalize marijuana prematurely. He says supporters of change are overlooking the risks. â€Å"We don’t have the tools and the training available to us now to ensure that people aren’t driving cars, for example, or operating machinery, while they’re impaired by Marijuana† he said. â€Å" There are all kinds of implications that I don’t think people are considering carefully enough†¦ Its still a harmful substance ultimately† (Ballingall) That being said there are many negative effects to having the prohibition of Marijuana in place. The Union of B. C municipalities passed a resolution summoning research be done looking into the legalization of marijuana. They came to the conclusion that the prohibition has been ineffective in deterring youth use, and production of the plant. (Wood, Antweiler) It seems that other measures need to be taken in order to ensure the youth of Canada don’t use drugs recreationally, and criminalizing marijuana has little effect. Researchers from the University of British Columbia and Simon Fraser’s university have estimated B. C’s marijuana market would be worth more than $500 million annually. Unfortunately most of the revenue goes to criminal organizations. (Wood, Antweiler) This number is based on one province alone, think of how much this number would go up if the whole country were involved in their research. The profiting of criminal organizations in turn causes more violence, guns and other illegal activity in the country. If Canada were to legalize and tax cannabis the government would then receive all the profits, this money could fund government programs such as health care, social assistance and education. It would also significantly decrease criminal activity, and save money in courts and jails. One of the main reasons in the past for the prohibition on marijuana was the negative response from the U. S, however there are now 12 states that have decriminalized Marijuana (Wood, Antweiler) meaning there is less pressure from our bordering Country. This and the obvious preference of legalization from Canadian citizens means it is only a matter of time before marijuana is officially decriminalized, taken out of the Controlled Drugs Act, the criminal code and consistent laws in all Canadian jurisdictions. This I believe will come first, and potentially government controlled sales and taxation shortly after. It would be insane for the government to not take seize the opportunity to bring in so much revenue for the country. It seems as though the prolonged struggle to legalize marijuana still needs time and The Controlled Substances Act will remain as it is for a while longer. Although there are potentially many positive effects to decriminalization and controlled sales for taxation It is clear Canada still need the time to prepare to ensure it is done safety, effectively and not detrimental to youth. Canadians may be ready for a change and the government will eventually have to surrender, regardless of minor health issues cannabis causes. Bibliography 1. ) Ballingall, Alex. â€Å"Canada. † Thestar. com. The Toronto Star, 20 Nov. 2012. Web. 21 Feb. 2013. http://www. thestar. com/news/canada/2012/11/20/marijuana_legalization_or_decriminalization_backed_by_most_canadians_poll. html. 2. ) â€Å"Canadian Pot Use Four times Global Rate. † Canadian Pot Use Four times Global Rate. N. p. , 10 July 2007. Web. 21 Feb. 2013. http://www. canada. com/nationalpost/news/story. html? id=67996149-9dee-4a3a-a86e-f7a022274658. . ) â€Å"Controlled Drugs and Substances Act. † Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 02 Oct. 2013. Web. 21 Feb. 2013. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Controlled_Drugs_and_Substances_Act. 4. ) Hathaway, Andrew. â€Å"Legal History and Cultural Experience of Cannabis. † Www. heretohelp. ba. ca. N. p. , 2009. Web. 21 Feb. 2013. http://www. heretohelp. bc. ca/visions/cannabis-vol5/the-legal-history-and-cultural-experience-of-cannabis. 5. ) â€Å"Legal History of Cannabis in Canada. † Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 02 Apr. 2013. Web. 21 Feb. 2013. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Legal_history_of_cannabis_in_Canada How to cite Marijuana Prohibition Canada, Essay examples Marijuana Prohibition Canada Free Essays The Controlled Substances Act (Marijuana Prohibition) CLN-4U Unit One Essay Cailey Bazik CLN 4U – Unit One Essay Controlled Substances Act Marijuana Prohibition The Controlled substance act pertaining to Marijuana has been a long on going battle as to whether marijuana should be legal in Canada and taken out of this act. The law behind the drug has a long history and many failed attempts at decriminalization. There are both positive and negative effects to this law, but I believe the positive effects weigh out the negative and that because of this marijuana will be legal in the near future. We will write a custom essay sample on Marijuana Prohibition Canada or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Marijuana laws in Canada today are unresolved, as superior courts have ruled all cannabis laws to be of â€Å"no force or effect†. Although the federal level of courts have made this ruling it has not caused any changes to other Canadian jurisdictions, the Criminal Code or the Controlled Substances Act. (â€Å"Legal History of Cannabis in Canada) The Controlled Drugs and Substances Act was passed in 1996 by the government under Prime Minister John Cretien. It is Canada’s federal drug control statue. This act outlines penalties for possession, trafficking and production of the substances established as illegal, including Marijuana. â€Å"Controlled Drugs and Substances Act) Canadian laws pertaining to drugs began in 1908 with the opium act, which was replaced by the opium and narcotic drug act in 1920. Marijuana however was not added to the confidential restricted list until 1923. (â€Å"Legal History of Cannabis in Canada†) Marijuana and the laws surroundin g the issue only started to receive attention in the 1930’s and even then it was very minimal. It wasn’t until the 1960’s where problems arose with the law. At this time the maximum penalty for possession of small amounts of cannabis was 6 months n prison and a $1000 fine. A government injury was commissioned and public hearings were held to analyze the law over a period of three years. A report on the findings of this inquiry was published in 1972. The â€Å"La Dain Commission† suggested that penalties for can ibis possession be abolished, but to not legalize the substance. Of course this proposal was denied, along with other potential law reforms over the years. (â€Å"here to help†) In Recent Years the fight for the decriminalization of Marijuana has been more persistent. Research showed that Marijuana for medical use could help a number of ailments and disieses. Medical Marijuana in Canada was made legal in 2001 for things such as HIV, AIDS, multiple sclerosis, spinal cord disease and injury, anorexia severe pain, seizures and persistent muscle spasms. (â€Å"Legal History of Cannabis in Canada†) Along with the boost in medical use came a boost in personal use. According to a report from the United Nations Canada is the highest in marijuana use in the industrialized world and more than four times the global rate. â€Å"Canadian Pot Use Four Time Global Rate†) In May 2002 Chretien introduced a bill to decriminalize marijuana for personal use. This bill was denied mainly because of pressure from the U. S and a threat to slow down border crossing between the two countries. Paul Martin in 2004 tried to pass an almost identical bill, which was also rejected. (â€Å"Legal History of Cannabis in Canada†) It was in 2007 when Justice Mini ster Rob Nicholson and the conservative minority government introduced Bill C-26, which presented mandatory minimum sentences for drug offenders (â€Å"Controlled Drugs and Substances Act†). A recent poll released by Toronto’s Forum Research showed that majority of Canadians support relaxing marijuana laws. In fact it showed that 65 % of Canadians support either the decriminalization in small amounts or legalization and taxation of the substance. (Ballingall) Unfortunately with the new mandatory minimum sentences it seems our laws do not reflect societies views. (Wood, Antweiler) Although it seems Canadians and Americans are in favour of decriminalizing Marijuana it is important to understand the reason these laws are there in the first place. Marijuana is harmful to ones health and to youth. The president of the Canadian Police Association believes Canadians are trying to decriminalize marijuana prematurely. He says supporters of change are overlooking the risks. â€Å"We don’t have the tools and the training available to us now to ensure that people aren’t driving cars, for example, or operating machinery, while they’re impaired by Marijuana† he said. â€Å" There are all kinds of implications that I don’t think people are considering carefully enough†¦ Its still a harmful substance ultimately† (Ballingall) That being said there are many negative effects to having the prohibition of Marijuana in place. The Union of B. C municipalities passed a resolution summoning research be done looking into the legalization of marijuana. They came to the conclusion that the prohibition has been ineffective in deterring youth use, and production of the plant. (Wood, Antweiler) It seems that other measures need to be taken in order to ensure the youth of Canada don’t use drugs recreationally, and criminalizing marijuana has little effect. Researchers from the University of British Columbia and Simon Fraser’s university have estimated B. C’s marijuana market would be worth more than $500 million annually. Unfortunately most of the revenue goes to criminal organizations. (Wood, Antweiler) This number is based on one province alone, think of how much this number would go up if the whole country were involved in their research. The profiting of criminal organizations in turn causes more violence, guns and other illegal activity in the country. If Canada were to legalize and tax cannabis the government would then receive all the profits, this money could fund government programs such as health care, social assistance and education. It would also significantly decrease criminal activity, and save money in courts and jails. One of the main reasons in the past for the prohibition on marijuana was the negative response from the U. S, however there are now 12 states that have decriminalized Marijuana (Wood, Antweiler) meaning there is less pressure from our bordering Country. This and the obvious preference of legalization from Canadian citizens means it is only a matter of time before marijuana is officially decriminalized, taken out of the Controlled Drugs Act, the criminal code and consistent laws in all Canadian jurisdictions. This I believe will come first, and potentially government controlled sales and taxation shortly after. It would be insane for the government to not take seize the opportunity to bring in so much revenue for the country. It seems as though the prolonged struggle to legalize marijuana still needs time and The Controlled Substances Act will remain as it is for a while longer. Although there are potentially many positive effects to decriminalization and controlled sales for taxation It is clear Canada still need the time to prepare to ensure it is done safety, effectively and not detrimental to youth. Canadians may be ready for a change and the government will eventually have to surrender, regardless of minor health issues cannabis causes. Bibliography 1. ) Ballingall, Alex. â€Å"Canada. † Thestar. com. The Toronto Star, 20 Nov. 2012. Web. 21 Feb. 2013. http://www. thestar. com/news/canada/2012/11/20/marijuana_legalization_or_decriminalization_backed_by_most_canadians_poll. html. 2. ) â€Å"Canadian Pot Use Four times Global Rate. † Canadian Pot Use Four times Global Rate. N. p. , 10 July 2007. Web. 21 Feb. 2013. http://www. canada. com/nationalpost/news/story. html? id=67996149-9dee-4a3a-a86e-f7a022274658. . ) â€Å"Controlled Drugs and Substances Act. † Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 02 Oct. 2013. Web. 21 Feb. 2013. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Controlled_Drugs_and_Substances_Act. 4. ) Hathaway, Andrew. â€Å"Legal History and Cultural Experience of Cannabis. † Www. heretohelp. ba. ca. N. p. , 2009. Web. 21 Feb. 2013. http://www. heretohelp. bc. ca/visions/cannabis-vol5/the-legal-history-and-cultural-experience-of-cannabis. 5. ) â€Å"Legal History of Cannabis in Canada. † Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 02 Apr. 2013. Web. 21 Feb. 2013. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Legal_history_of_cannabis_in_Canada How to cite Marijuana Prohibition Canada, Papers

Occupational Therapy Rehabilitation Programs

Question: Describe about the Occupational Therapy for Rehabilitation Programs. Answer: Introduction Rehabilitation programs are crucial for resuming the active lifestyle and recover soon from the injury or illness, that involves disability. The rehabilitation and recovery programs generally targets enhancement of patients willingness for recovery and support for easy and faster recovery process from the chronic illness. However, setting up goals is one of the preliminary steps, which determines the efficiency and time for recovery process. There are several injuries or illness, which needs assistance and support for faster recovery; for instance total knee replacement, total hip replacement, bone fracture and other major injuries (Abraham Michie, 2008). Several barriers can hinder the proper procedure of rehabilitation technique, whereas there are some factors or strategies that can influence the rehabilitation and recovery procedure. To set the goals and priorities for rehabilitation and recovery process, health models or theories are used by the health care professionals, for en suring the patients needs has been prioritized during the health care planning. In this context, the health care professional should assess the patients needs thoroughly before planning the rehabilitation sessions. Support is one of the crucial aspects in the recovery and rehabilitation processes. It is because, empowerment of a disabled patient helps in stimulating them for faster recovery. Here in this assignment, the focus is the patient, Mr. X, who has knee replacement and facing difficulties in coping with his status and disabilities. Thus, based on his status and needs, his rehabilitation sessions would be planned. Here, in this assignment, the factors that were hindering the patients engagement in the recovery and rehabilitation will be discussed with the help of recovery related theories (Bertisch et al., 2014). On the other hand, the strategies that would help the patients engagement and their recovery would be included in this assignment. Finally, the barriers, facilitators and the recommended strategies would be summarized to provide a brief overview. Identity of the client During my job period at a rehabilitation centre, I met one client Mr. X, who was facing difficulties in engaging with rehabilitation and recovery from severe illness. The client Mr. X is a 55 years old male, who have severe arthritis and suffering from severe pain at his left knee and mobility impairment. The medical professional recommended total knee replacement or arthroplasty of his left knee. After a successful surgery, the recovery period was quite difficult for Mr. X, as it was very difficult for him to stay at bed as a disable person. He was a cheerful and active person before is surgery. Now, his condition was not feasible to support his previous active role. Thus, he is becoming anxious and depressed due to his disability. The impaired mobility of Mr. X was making him demotivated hindering his social involvement. The patient needs appropriate rehabilitation and recovery strategies for his faster and easy recovery. Mr. X was having negative pain perception and poor perceived self-efficacy as well as pessimistic personality traits, which were significantly hindering his efficient engagement with the rehabilitation and recovery process (Bright et al., 2014). He was a negative perception that movements can cause additional pain except the surgical pain, which along with the persistent postoperative pain symptoms were the cause behind his poor quality of rehabilitation. All of these consequences were leading to his decreased activity after rehabilitation and reduced social involvement along with increased psychological issues. Psychological consequences of the illness Orthopedic surgery usually needs many months of rehabilitation for getting a successful outcome; however, there are several psychological factors that can influence pain perceptions of the patient, compliance with the rehabilitation and the outcomes from the patient treatment after orthopedic surgeries like a total knee replacement surgery. Total knee replacement is a complicated illness, which involve the replacement of knee with an artificial knee joining. The complicated surgery needs a long-term recovery and during this period, severe pain and disability usually stimulates the onset of negative psychological issues in the patients. Patients need proper care and support for better adherence with the recovery and rehabilitation processes after a total knee replacement surgery (Bright et al., 2011). It has been revealed from several literatures that the mobility impairment and loss of autonomy or independence causes isolation and behavioral changes in the patient. It has been seen t hat most of the patients shows non-adherence with the rehabilitation processes, due to depression and anxiety related symptoms. It has been argued that there is a strong relationship between psychological symptoms and pain and disability, this prevalence of psychological symptoms are high in the pre and postoperative stages in the patients, who have undergone knee and hip replacement. It has been revealed from the previous literatures that the depressive symptoms in knee and hip replacement are higher, i.e. 33.6 % in one study, compared to coronary heart diseases, cancer or diabetes (Bright et al., 2011). However, age is a key determinant of the psychological consequences of the knee replacement surgery. However, reviewing previous literatures, it has also been found that throughout the recovery period, the psychological symptoms are reduced gradually, with the decrease in pain and disability. It has been revealed that 12 months postoperative no further reduction in the depressive symptoms were found compared to 3 months postoperative. Studies have shown that treating patients with psychotherapy before the surgery can lead to better results after the total knee replacement surgery. However, studies have also shown that proper management and emotional support had led to better results with the patients having depressive or anxious behavior. However, it has been see n in many previous cases that the support of physiotherapist and other medical professionals reduced the time for recovery along with the symptoms of psychological consequences. Barriers in engaging the client in rehabilitation Lack of support is one of the major barriers in engaging clients in rehabilitation. In case o Mr. X, it has been noticed that he was not adhered to the treatment procedure, which was one of the key reason behind his extended recovery time. On the other hand, the willingness of the patient is another key barrier for the patients recovery, because, until the patient is not adhering with the rehabilitation process, the success of the process would be doubtful. Moreover, the education and awareness of the patient is very important in this context (Ellis-Hill, Paynem Ward, 2008). Until the patient becomes aware of his status and the importance of his compliance with the rehabilitation process, the patients adherence with the treatment procedure would not be assured. In case of Mr. X, it has been noticed that he was aware of his current condition, but he was not aware of the pros and cons of the rehabilitation process and the importance of his compliance with the rehabilitation process. O nce he will be aware about the facts, his adherence with the rehabilitation and recovery process will be enhanced. The unclear perception of the patient about the pros and cons of the recovery process is a key barrier. Negative perception, psychological issues and stress are the factors that can delay the recovery process by stimulating the negative perception about the disorder. In the case of Mr. X, he was not willing to take his medicines an d physiotherapies, due to severe pain and showed depression and anxiety. The behavioral changes affected his communication with the medical professionals and physiotherapist, which further worsened his recovery process. Lack of support from the medical professionals and the family, relatives and dear ones are also the major factor that acts as a barrier of engagement of the patient with the rehabilitation process. In this context, it has been revealed that the support from the patients family is lost, due to the independence of the patient. In the case of Mr. X, he was lacking the support from family and friends, which is the major reason behind his depression. One current study by Gollwitzer (1999) highlighted that the patients who got support from their family and friends, recover easily and faster, compared to the patients who do not get family support. Moreover, the lack of family and peer support is a major cause behind the negative emotions, which leads to the psychological problems, further reducing the patients recovery rate. Low progress takes more time to recover and longer recovery time reduces patients compliance and adherence with the treatment and rehabilitation process. As it takes more time to recover from the disabled state, loss of independence for longer period makes the patient anxious, agitated and irritated. This Happened to Mr. X, as he was facing difficulties in engagin g with the rehabilitation and recovery process after his total knee replacement surgery. Lack of competency in the medical professionals attending the patient in recovery or rehabilitation is another factor that can be a barrier of faster and easy recovery of a patient undergoing total hip and knee replacement. In case of Mr. X, lack of the development of professional relationship with the health care professional was the key cause of his reduced compliance with the rehabilitation process and delay in progress of the recovery process (Hall et al., 2010). Mr. was unable to maintain a good communication with the medical professionals, due to the lack of positive communication skills of the nurse or other medical professionals attending him. In this context, he was attending the rehabilitation process with low adherence and reported lack of motivation and support from the care providers including physiotherapist and other health care practitioners. Lack of patients assessment before setting the goals can lead to negative consequences or can lead to the unavailability of the patients support from the other health care professionals. These factors are responsible for patients non-adherence with the rehabilitation process and delayed recovery process. Moreover, lack of assessment of patients priorities also hinders the patients efficient recovery, because, the patients actual needs are not addressed during the rehabilitation procedure, leading to unrealistic goal settings, which does not provide expected outcomes. Thus, goal setting is a very important factor that can influence the patient engagement and lack of which can hinder the rehabilitation and recovery process. Pain perception is another factor that can hinder a patients recovery and rehabilitation compliance. It is because, orthopedic patient usually have a perception that movement of the limb or the surgical area will put additional strain on their body, causing massive pain additional to the surgical pain. Unchanged perception leads to their decreased mobility, which is beyond the expectation in a rehabilitation process. This leads to stiffness of joints or other surgical area and persistence of the pain in the joints or other surgical areas, which hinders patients compliance with the rehabilitation and follow-up sessions. However, while concerned about the return of the patient to work after the orthopedic surgery and rehabilitation process, not only the physical and emotional status of the patient and support from his family and medical professionals are important, rather, support from the organization, other employees and other support groups are also have significant role. Harding an dWilliams (1995) identified lack of information access, lack of support group, lack of understanding and collaboration from the employer were the most important barrier for a patient to return to his work. Thus, it can be said that persona, clinical, occupational and health service factors are also important for the patient to return to his work. Factors influencing engagement in rehabilitation After orthopedic surgery including total joint replacement, i.e. total knee replacement or total hip replacement surgery, the total recovery and getting back to normal life before surgery, is a time consuming process. The recovery can be influenced and progress can be faster by the help of some facilitators of rehabilitation. One factor identified that has an important role in facilitating patients engagement in the rehabilitation process is knowledge about ones limit and motivating the patient for physical training and movement of the surgical body parts. Patient-centered approach- A patient centered approach in the rehabilitation sessions can influence the patients engagement in the recovery and rehabilitation process. It is because, the patient-centered approach tend to prioritize the patients needs from every aspects, including the physical, psychological, social and emotional. Patients well being is dependent upon all of these aspects and it contributes to patients overall recovery and gaining the normal life back (Harding Williams, 1995). Emotional support with respect and dignity- The most important factor-facilitating patients recovery and well-being is emotional support. In case of Mr. X, he was lacking an emotional support. Showing respect and dignity towards the patient, without any kind of biasness is the key of engaging and empowering the patient in his work. While handling patients like Mr. X, the practitioner should show respect towards the patient and prioritize patients feelings and perceptions. It enhances patients positive perception about the therapeutic procedure and engage patient with the rehabilitation procedure (Harris, 2006). Goal setting based on patients needs- Goal setting is the basic step in the rehabilitation and recovery process after an orthopedic surgery. Goal setting determines the probability of getting expected outcomes through the rehabilitation process. In this context, assessment of the patients needs is very important. Assessing the physical and psychological status of the patient helps the health professional to understand the actual needs of the patient, based on which the therapeutic goals of rehabilitation are established. It enhances the possibility of getting success easier and faster. In contrast, setting unrealistic goals, without assessing the patients needs reduces the chance of getting success from the rehabilitation process (Kayes McPherson, 2012). Therapeutic alliance- Therapeutic alliance is referred to the relationship between the patient and health care professional. It is a very important facilitator of engaging patient in rehabilitation process after orthopedic surgery, through which Mr. X has undergone. Several literatures identified therapeutic alliance as an important determinant of patient engagement and positive health outcomes following rehabilitation. For this, the health care practitioners should have required skills and competence including good communication and coordination with the patient. Providing value to the patients view during the therapeutic work can help to enhance patients trust towards the therapist, which in turn can establish a positive relationship within the patient and the health care practitioner (Kayes et al., 2015). Family support and engaging patients family in rehabilitation- Mr. X did not received enough family support, which is one of the significant determinants of the positive health outcomes following rehabilitation. Thus, in person-centered care, engaging patients family in the procedure is helpful. Involving patients family provides a homely environment to the patient, which eliminates the discrimination of the patient as a disabled person, thereby encouraging his engagement through the procedure. Psychotherapy and counseling- Literatures has suggested that there is a significant connection between poor recovery and related outcomes with stress and depression related symptoms. Thus, different literatures suggested that the psychotherapy and counseling during the rehabilitation is helpful for reducing this psychological hindrance of patients engagement in the rehabilitation process. Enhancing self-esteem and self-management- Self-management is the key concept in the rehabilitation process. As in knee replacement surgery, patient temporarily looses independence; it also reduces patients self-esteem. Thus, the therapists should support the patient to be encouraged and be independent. For this, self-management skills should be taught (Levack, Kayes Fadyl, 2010). Educational health promotion- Patient must understand the importance of rehabilitation process in his life and its effect upon his working and independent life. In case of Mr. X, due to lack of proper knowledge, the negative pain perceptions were enhancing, reducing his compliance with the rehabilitation process. Social support- Social support is another important factor that can facilitate patients engagement in rehabilitation. Social support can help to reduce patients isolation and can enhance self-esteem, thereby enhancing compliance with the therapeutic process. While considering patients return to work after rehabilitation process, there are some other factors influencing their continuous recovery and adoption in the workplace. The most important factor is the occupational factors. Supporting the patients engagement with the recovery process, the employers and other employees should consider the patients condition and should help him to cope with the situation. It has been seen that, a patient returning to the workplace after a surgery, often treated as disabled person and sympathized, which hinders the patients emotional well being, because, an active person is being considered as a disabled or physically challenged person and discriminated from peers in the workplace (McPherson, Kayes Kersten, 2014). This discrimination can lead to depressive symptoms, affecting his behavior. The patient becomes anxious and agitated, hindering his continuous recovery and returning to normal lifestyle. Theory supporting rehabilitation To enhance Mr. Xs engagement with the rehabilitation process, theoretical models can be used for better understanding and strategy implementation. One renowned theory can be used here, the health belief model. The health belief model emphasizes on the perception of a person about the effect of health issues upon their lives and help to plan actions for helping patients engagement in health promoting activities. This model helps to predict and explain health behaviors, by focusing on the attitudes and perception of individual. Figure: Health belief model (Source: Mudge, Stretton Kayes, 2013) According to the health belief model, patients tend to compliance with the therapeutic procedure to prevent, screen for or control ill health, once they believe that they are susceptible to such a condition, that can have a serious negative impact upon their lives and a course of therapeutic action might be beneficial in reducing susceptibility or severity of the ill condition. Moreover, the patient should believe that the benefits of the action would outweigh the barriers. In case of Mr. Xs case, the health belief model is suitable because, it emphasizes on patients perception for negative consequences of not engaging with the therapeutic actions. However, for aligning the case with the health belief model, health promotion education is very important, which will make Mr. X aware of the pros and cons of the rehabilitation and its important in returning back to his normal life. In this context, his perception about pain and severity of his condition can be modified by his therapists support. In addition, the health education can modify his perceived benefits from rehabilitation and barriers of his engagement, which will be reduced by him once he is aware about all the facts (Mudge, Kayes McPherson, 2015). From his perceived severity, threats related to non-compliance with the rehabilitation would be understood by Mr. X, which will encourage him to stay engaged with the rehabilitation process and adhere to the therapeutic actions. Engagement of Mr. X with a positive health behavior will stimulate his recovery, which in turn help him to get back his normal life in short period and return to his job. The health care professional has to change the perception of Mr. X that rehabilitation and embedded physical exercise sessions would enhance his pain, rather than giving him relief. Here, the therapist is solely accountable for encouraging Mr. to be aware of the fact that rehabilitation is the best way to get back to his normal active life, without any hindrance. In addition to the health belief model, self-regulation theory can be used here, to enhance Mr. Xs engagement in the rehabilitation and recovery process. This theory can help people who are experiencing sickness behavior. The sickness behavior is one kind of behavior that arises during ill health condition, like Mr. Xs depression, anxiety and other related symptoms. According to this theory, a conscious personal management involves the process of guiding feelings, perceptions and behaviors to reach personal goals. There are four components of self-regulation, standards of desirable behavior, motivation to meet standards, monitoring of situations and thoughts that precede breaking said standards and willpower (Nieuwenhuijsen et al., 2006). The self-regulation model and its component can be used by the health care professional to motivate Mr. X towards rehabilitation engagement and enhancing his self-esteem and self-management skills to stimulate the rehabilitation process and returnin g to work. Recommended strategies for practice Cognitive behavioral approaches- the cognitive behavioral approach include psychotherapy and behavioral therapies, which are helpful for Mr. X to be motivated and being engaged with the rehabilitation process. Here, the therapist should show dignity and respect to modify his perception about the rehabilitation process. In addition, these behavioral therapies will help Mr. X to control his psychological issues, which are hindering the patient engagement. Motivational interviewing and therapeutic alliance- Motivating interview of Mr. X by his therapist and the employer can help him to be engaged in the rehabilitation process and cope with his working life after returning to his work. Motivational interviewing can help him to understand the importance of his rehabilitation process in his recovery and returning to his work. However, the interviewer should show respect and dignity towards Mr. X for providing value to his words and make a trustworthy relationship (Petrie, Jago Devcich, 2007). Facilitating physical activity- Physical activity is one of best strategy to improve patients engagement and recovery process. Physical activity helps to enhance patients self-dependence, which is the key reason behind Mr. Xs depression and changed behavior. However, the physiotherapist should make him aware about the correct physical activity and the limit, which will give him relief, rather than increasing pain. Health promotion- Health promotion is a key strategy that helps in enhancing patients awareness about the condition and recommended actions. Mr. Xs professionals were unable to promote his health outcomes due to failure in establishing a good relationship with him and due to lack of competence in making him aware of the benefits of the process. Thus, health promotion will help Mr. X to understand the importance of the compliance with the rehabilitation and change is perceived benefits and threats, thereby motivating his engagement (Siegert, McPherson Taylor, 2004). Summary This assignment highlighted the case of Mr. X, who was suffering from severe pain and psychological issues after his total knee replacement surgery. The assignment highlighted some barriers including lack of motivation, lack of family support, lack of educational knowledge about the importance of rehabilitation and lack of therapeutic alliance, which hindered his engagement with the therapeutic processes and recovery. Here, with the help of health belief model and self-regulatory model, the factors that can influence his engagement by changing his perception towards his condition and benefits from the rehabilitation process have been highlighted. Finally, these factors has been emphasize to recommend strategies for practice, which included cognitive behavioral approaches, motivational interview and therapeutic alliance, health promotion and physical activity for enhancing his engagement and making him able to return back to his work. Reference List Abraham, C., Michie, S. (2008). A taxonomy of behavior change techniques used in interventions. Health psychology : official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association, 27(3), 379-387. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.27.3.379 Bertisch, H., Rath, J., Long, C., Ashman, T., Rashid, T. (2014). Positive psychology in rehabilitation medicine: A brief report. Neurorehabilitation, 34, 573-585. Bright, F. A. S., Boland, P., Rutherford, S. J., Kayes, N. M., McPherson, K. M. (2012). Implementing a client-centred approach in rehabilitation: an autoethnography. Disability and rehabilitation, 34(12), 997. Bright, F. A. S., Kayes, N. M., McCann, C. M., McPherson, K. M. (2011). Understanding hope after stroke: a systematic review of the literature using concept analysis. Topics in stroke rehabilitation, 18(5), 490. Bright, F.A.S., Kayes, N.M., Worrall, L., McPherson, K.M. (2014). A conceptual review of engagement in healthcare and rehabilitation. Disability and Rehabilitation. 37(8), 643-54. Ellis-Hill, C., Payne, S., Ward, C. (2008). Using stroke to explore the life thread model: an alternative approach to understanding rehabilitation following an acquired disability. Disability and rehabilitation, 30(2), 150-159. doi:10.1080/09638280701195462 Gollwitzer, P. M. (1999). Implementation Intentions: Strong Effects of Simple Plans. American Psychologist, 54(7), 493-503. doi:10.1037/0003-066x.54.7.493 Hall, A. M., Ferreira, P. H., Maher, C. G., Latimer, J., Ferreira, M. L. (2010). The influence of the therapist-patient relationship on treatment outcome in physical rehabilitation: a systematic review. Physical therapy, 90(8), 1099-1110. doi:10.2522/ptj.20090245 Harding, V., Williams, A. C. (1995). Applying Psychology to Enhance Physiotherapy Outcome. Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, 11(3), 129-132. doi:10.3109/09593989509022410 Harding, V., Williams, A. C. d. C. (1995). Extending Physiotherapy Skills Using a Psychological Approach: Cognitive-behavioural management of chronic pain. Physiotherapy, 81(11), 681- 688. doi:10.1016/s0031-9406(05)66622-9 Harris, R. (2006). Embracing your demons: an overview of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy. Psychotherapy in Australia, 12(4), 2-8. Kayes, N. M., McPherson, K. M. (2012). Human technologies in rehabilitation: 'Who' and 'How' we are with our clients. Disability and rehabilitation, 34(22), 1907. Kayes, N.M., Mudge, S. Bright, F. McPherson. K.M. (2015) Whose behaviour matters? Rethinking practitioner behaviour and its influence on rehabilitation outcomes In McPherson, K.M. Gibson, B.E. Leplege, A. (Eds.) Rethinking Rehabilitation Theory. CRC Press, Taylor Francis: Boca Raton. Levack, W. M. M., Kayes, N. M., Fadyl, J. K. (2010). Experience of recovery and outcome following traumatic brain injury: a metasynthesis of qualitative research. Disability and rehabilitation, 32(12), 986. McPherson, K.M., Kayes, N.M., P. Kersten, (2014). MEANING as a Smarter Approach to Goals in 16 Rehabilitation, In Levack, W. and Siegert, R. (Eds.) Rehabilitation Goal Setting: Theory, Practice and Evidence. CRC Press, Taylor Francis: Boca Raton. Mudge, S., Kayes, N.M., McPherson, K.M. (2015). Who is in control? Clinicians' view on their role in self-management approaches: a qualitative metasynthesis. BMJ Open. 5(5) Mudge, S., Stretton, C., Kayes, N. M. (2013). Are physiotherapists comfortable with person-centred practice? An autoethnographic insight. Disability and Rehabilitation, Early online, 1-7. doi:doi:10.3109/09638288.2013.797515 Nieuwenhuijsen, E., Zemper, E., Miner, K., Epstein, M. (2006). Health behavior change models and theories: contributions to rehabilitation. Disability and Rehabilitation, 28(5), 245-245. doi:10.1080/09638280500197743 Petrie, K. J., Jago, L. A., Devcich, D. A. (2007). The role of illness perceptions in patients with medical conditions. Current opinion in psychiatry, 20(2), 163-167. doi:10.1097/YCO.0b013e328014a871 Siegert, R. J., McPherson, K. M., Taylor, W. J. (2004). Toward a cognitive-affective model of goalsetting in rehabilitation: is self-regulation theory a key step? Disability and Rehabilitation, 26(20), 1175-1175. doi:10.1080/09638280410001724834

Research Paper on Money and Banking Essay Example Essay Example

Research Paper on Money and Banking Essay Example Paper Money and Banking Research Paper G. Bush indeed seems to have resurrected some major basic principles of reaganomics in his tenure as president of the USA. The current fiscal policy of the Bush administration can be called expansionary due to the great tax cuts and increases in defense spending. The Federal reserve on the other hand uses restrictive monetary policy in order to offset the effects of the current government increases in spending on the US economy. In order to better understand the impact of the increased government spending on the GDP, one should understand the economic framework as represented by the GDP formula. Y=C+I+G+T+NX or Y=C+S+TWhere Y = real output (GDP), C = real consumption expenditure, I = real investment expenditure, G = real government expenditure, NX = real net exports, S = real saving, T = real (net) taxes = taxes -transfer payments From rearranging the terms in the formula noted above one can obtain the following: Research on Money and Banking Essay Body Paragraphs NX = (S-I) + (T-G) which relates directly the net exports (exports minus imports) to the real savings less investments and taxes less government spending. During the presidency of George Bush, expansionary monetary policy would mean that the government had drastically increased government spending on the military and other public works as initiated by Bush (Dam, 61). The second major contributor to the increased aggregate demand and financial resources available on the market was the tax cuts which increased real consumption expenditure. The increased consumption and amount of money on the market which appears as a result of such government spending had the following impact on the economy: Increased inflation, CPI Increased GDP The Fed’s contractuary policy which means establishment of bank’s reserve requirements, interest rates and other measures influences the US economy in the following manner: Increased Interest rates. Attract money from abroad for reinvestment to t he USA Control over the exchange rates. During the First Bush’s term as a president the USA had witnessed some major spending in the country, which certainly surpassed savings and attracted foreign credit from abroad. In simpler terms that meant that foreigners are selling goods to the USA in exchange of US dollars and then pour these dollars back into the USA to allow Americans purchase these goods on credit since Americans currently spend more than they earn, so they need some credit. Due to the increased spending, the prices of goods and services increase as seen during the first presidential term of G. Bush. The presence of extra cash on the market pushes the interest rates down and the historically low interest rates in the USA just a few years ago show us that. At the same time as the average American borrows more from abroad as foreigners invest the funds earned in the USA back in the USA the USA becomes more and more leveraged and risky, so the interest rates ultimate ly will have a tendency to increase. Or by the same token the prices of goods and services will tend to increase if these companies want to incorporate the risks in the goods rater than in the interest rates directly (Heintz, 142). The USA dollar had seen a decline as it would be viewed as becoming riskier than before due to the great leverage of American credit system. The Fed would increase the interest rates slightly to establish an elbow room for manipulation and better control of the monetary policy. Unless, there is no change to the existing fiscal and monetary policy to make them both somewhat more conservative/contractuary/restrictive to reduce not only the government spending yet rather the borrowings made Americans. While some borrowings might be good as Americans are able to increase the GDP due to the increased spending as well as enjoy low interest rates and easy access to capital, excessive borrowings make the country and the economy risky and unstable which would caus e investors demand higher interest rates for the funds. If the situation continues as it is at present into the next several years, one would expect the interest rates in the USA increase further, just like the CPI and the national debt making the US dollar shaky and weaker than the Euro. How will the Bernanke’s â€Å"savings glut† concept fit into demographic changes around the globe? In order to provide a sufficient answer to this question, one should use a common sense explanation for the concept of ‘savings glut’ which certainly relates to the current financing by the central banks in Asia of the US current account deficit. While everyone knows that saving is good, the common tendency in the USA is to spend more than one can save. The problem is that in the modern global economy the rest of the world as represented by Europe, Asia and Latin America is saving too much while spending too little. This phenomenon is what one calls the â€Å"global savings glut† The savings glut phenomenon as presented by Bernanke allows one to understand US trade deficits, the weaknesses of the US economic system and the difficulty (existing problems) in doing something with the deficit and the weaknesses. One learns in school that savings is good since it allows one to afford expensive items such as home, car or a university tuition as well as establishes a safety margin which would protect an individual against unexpected emergency expenditure or retirement. For the overall society savings represents an ability to invest in new companies, factories, technologies, plants and businesses. The savings as we know them remain in the border of the country, i.e. Americans save their money in America, while the Japanese save in Japan. These savings thus balance with the interest rates and stock prices. So if people save more than businesses want to invest the interest rates will fall and in turn encourage investment and reduce savings in the country. In practice the real world situation is different. In the 1970s and 1980s when the Breton Woods system was deemed outdated and the capital controls restricted the citizens from moving capital into foreign stocks and other financial paper. Nowadays, banks, insurance companies, investment and mutual funds, let alone individual governments engage in moving capital abroad in search of opportunities. The figures are rather high with major European powers having invested several trillion dollars abroad. For instance in 2003, Germany had over $4 trillion invested in savings abroad, while France had $3.2 trillion kept in foreign savings. The modern day savings do not remain attached to one country with Japanese saving over 24% of their income and keeping 75% of these savings in foreign countries. Most Asian countries like China, Japan, Korea or Indonesia are high savers with the majority of the money going to the USA. The current situation when the majority of goods flows into the USA, mea ns that Americans can spend more and save less. In the 1990s the excessive savings especially those coming from abroad went directly into the stock market fueling it for several years. Since the stock market grew, Americans felt as getting wealthier and thus felt like saving less and spending more on goods and services which in turn would further improve the corporate performance and the stock market which increased the portfolios of these Americans (Dam, 64). The foreign money especially those from the foreign banks would go to the US debt and equity market keeping the interest rates low. The low interest rates would mean affordable mortgages. The increased demand for housing would increase the prices of houses and make Americans wealthier since the value of their hoses increases. This in turn would allow them to save less and consume more (French, 287). Currently, the US increased consumption and low savings rates surpass the foreign high savings and low consumption rates. The cur rent US trade deficit relies heavily on imports, while foreign relatively small spending on the US goods hurt the US producers/exports. The desire of foreigners to keep the money in the US banks increases demand for the US dollar on the forex market and by increasing its value reduces competitiveness of the US goods. The European Union, Japan and Canada buy over 47% of the US exports. Up till present the current system looks like a huge recycling plant where everyone benefits. The USA gets cheap foreign goods which allow Americans to keep inflation at a minimum level. Foreign countries improve their economies as increased production can easily sell on the US market. Still, this system cannot continue indefinitely and it might negatively impact all players. Foreigners might choose not to invest in the USA which gets riskier and riskier, thus putting a downward pressure on the US dollar. Dollar might fall against some currencies. Still if these countries with increased savings did not invest at home, the global economic growth would be halted or the US recovery would also be tempered. The trade deficit means that US employment might suffer as foreign imports would move production abroad. Finally, I would like to note that the US huge trade deficit and the foreign countries’ huge savings pose global danger since the USA cannot control anything. The fact that foreign countries save in the USA means that there are at present no domestic savings opportunities or no developed consumption. The Asian countries which currently power the USA the greatest prefer export-oriented economies and reduced local consumption. The volatile economy of Latin America deter investments, while Europe’s heavy taxation and numerous regulations also make the USA the only investment opportunity for foreigners. The only way for Americans to survive this situation is to remain the best investment opportunity in the world, since the rest is not controlled by the USA. We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on Money and Banking Essay Example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on Money and Banking Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on Money and Banking Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

How Bugs Find Their Way Into Your Food

How Bugs Find Their Way Into Your Food Entomophagy, the practice of eating insects, has been getting a lot of media attention in recent years. Conservationists promote it as a solution to feeding an exploding global population. Insects, after all, are a high protein food source and dont impact the planet in ways that animals higher up the food chain do. Of course, news stories about insects as food tend to focus on the ick factor. While grubs and caterpillars are diet staples in many parts of the world, U.S. audiences tend to get squeamish at the thought of eating bugs. Well, heres some  news for you. You eat bugs. Every day. Even if youre vegetarian, you cant avoid consuming insects if you eat anything that has been processed, packaged, canned, or prepared. You are, without a doubt, getting a bit of bug protein in your diet. In some cases, the bug bits are intentional ingredients, and in some cases, theyre just by-products of the way we harvest and package our food. Red Food Coloring When the FDA changed food-labeling requirements in 2009, many consumers were startled to learn that manufacturers put crushed bugs in their food products for color. Outrageous! Cochineal extract, which comes from a scale insect, has been used as a red dye or coloring for centuries. Cochineal bugs (Dactylopius coccus) are true bugs belonging to the order Hemiptera. These tiny insects make a living by sucking the sap from cactus. To defend themselves, cochineal bugs produce carminic acid, a foul-tasting, bright red substance that makes predators think twice about eating them. The Aztecs used crushed cochineal bugs to dye fabrics a brilliant crimson. Today, cochineal extract is used as a natural coloring in many foods and drinks. Farmers in Peru and the Canary Islands produce most of the worlds supply, and its an important industry that supports workers in otherwise impoverished areas. And there are certainly worse things that manufacturers could use to color their products. To find out if a product contains cochineal bugs, look for any of the following ingredients on the label: cochineal extract, cochineal, carmine, carminic acid, or Natural Red No. 4. Confectioners Glaze If youre a vegetarian with a sweet tooth, you might be shocked to learn that many candy and chocolate products are made with bugs, too. Everything from jelly beans to milk duds is coated in something called confectioners glaze.   And confectioners glaze comes from bugs. The Lac bug, Laccifer lacca, inhabits tropical and subtropical regions. Like the cochineal bug, the Lac bug is a scale insect (order Hemiptera). It lives as a parasite on plants, particularly banyan trees. The Lac bug uses special glands to excrete a waxy, waterproof coating for protection. Unfortunately for the Lac bug, people figured out long ago that these waxy secretions are also useful for waterproofing other things, like furniture. Ever heard of shellac? Lac bugs are big business in India and Thailand, where they are cultivated for their waxy coatings. Workers scrape the Lac bugs glandular secretions from the host plants, and in the process, some of the Lac bugs get scraped off, too. The waxy bits are typically exported in flake form, called sticklac or gum lac, or sometimes just shellac flakes. Gum lac is used in all kinds of products: waxes, adhesives, paints, cosmetics, varnishes, fertilizers, and more. Lac bug secretions also make their way into medicines, usually as a coating that makes pills easy to swallow. Food manufacturers seem to know that putting shellac on an ingredient list might alarm some consumers, so they often use other, less industrial-sounding names to identify it on food labels. Look for any of the following ingredients on labels to find the hidden Lac bugs in your food: candy glaze, resin glaze, natural food glaze, confectioners glaze, confectioners resin, Lac resin, Lacca, or gum lac. Fig Wasps And then, of course, there are the fig wasps. If youve ever eaten Fig Newtons, or dried figs, or anything containing dried figs, youve no doubt eaten a fig wasp or two as well. Figs require pollination by a tiny female fig wasp. The fig wasp sometimes becomes entrapped within the fig fruit (which is technically not a fruit, its an inflorescence called the syconia), and becomes part of your meal. Insect Parts Honestly, theres no way to pick, package, or produce food without getting a few bugs in the mix. Insects are everywhere. The Food and Drug Administration recognized this reality, and issued regulations concerning how many bug bits are allowable in food items before they become a health concern. Known as the Food Defect Action Levels, these guidelines determine how many insect eggs, body parts, or whole insect bodies can get by the inspectors before being flagged in a given product. So, truth be told, even the most squeamish among us eats bugs, like it or not. Sources: The Truth About Red Food Dye Made From Bugs, LiveScience, April 27, 2012. Accessed online November 26, 2013.Scientists Make Red Food Dye from Potatoes, Not Bugs, National Geographic, September 19, 2013. Accessed online November 26, 2013.Calimyrna Figs in California, Wayne P. Armstrong, Palomar College. Accessed online November 26, 2013.Humans as Fig Eaters, FigWeb, Iziko Museums of South Africa. Accessed online November 26, 2013.Laccifer Lacca, Gwen Pearson (Bug Girls Blog), February 14, 2011. Accessed online November 26, 2013.Q A on Shellac, the Vegetarian Resource Group blog, November 30, 2010. Accessed online November 26, 2013.

Fort Mims Massacre in the Creek War

Fort Mims Massacre in the Creek War Fort Mims Massacre - Conflict Date: The Fort Mims Massacre took place on August 30, 1813, during the Creek War (1813-1814). Armies Commander United States Major Daniel BeasleyCaptain Dixon Bailey265 men Creeks Peter McQueenWilliam Weatherford750-1,000 men Fort Mims Massacre - Background: With the United States and Britain engaged in the War of 1812, the Upper Creek elected to join with the British in 1813 and began attacks on American settlements in the southeast. This decision was based on the actions of the Shawnee leader Tecumseh who had visited the area in 1811 calling for a Native American confederacy, intrigues from the Spanish in Florida, as well as resentment about encroaching American settlers. Known as the Red Sticks, mostly likely due to the their red-painted war clubs, the Upper Creeks were led by notable chiefs such as Peter McQueen and William Weatherford (Red Eagle). Fort Mims Massacre - Defeat at Burnt Corn: In July 1813, McQueen led a band of Red Sticks to Pensacola, FL where they obtained arms from the Spanish. Learning of this, Colonel James Caller and Captain Dixon Bailey departed Fort Mims, AL with the goal of intercepting McQueens force. On July 27, Caller successfully ambushed the Creek warriors at the Battle of Burnt Corn. As the Red Sticks fled into the swamps around Burnt Corn Creek, the Americans paused to loot the enemys camp. Seeing this, McQueen rallied his warriors and counterattacked. Overwhelmed, Callers men were forced to retreat. Fort Mims Massacre - The American Defenses: Angered by the attack at Burnt Corn Creek, McQueen began planning an operation against Fort Mims. Constructed on high ground near Lake Tensaw, Fort Mims was situated on the east bank of the Alabama River north of Mobile. Consisting of a stockade, blockhouse, and sixteen other buildings, Fort Mims provided protection for over 500 people including a militia force numbering approximately 265 men. Commanded by Major Daniel Beasley, a lawyer by trade, many of the forts inhabitants, including Dixon Bailey, were mixed-race and part Creek. Fort Mims Massacre - Warnings Ignored: Though encouraged to improve Fort Mims defenses by Brigadier General Ferdinand L. Claiborne, Beasley was slow to act. Advancing west, McQueen was joined by the noted chief William Weatherford (Red Eagle). Possessing around 750-1,000 warriors, they moved towards the American outpost and reached a point six miles away on August 29. Taking cover in tall grass, the Creek force was spotted by two slaves who were tending cattle. Racing back to the fort, they informed Beasley of the enemys approach. Though Beasley dispatched mounted scouts, they failed to find any trace of the Red Sticks. Angered, Beasley ordered the slaves punished for providing false information. Moving closer through the afternoon, the Creek force was nearly in place by nightfall. After dark, Weatherford and two warriors approached the forts walls and scouted the interior by looking through the loopholes in the stockade. Finding that the guard was lax, they also noticed that the main gate was open as it was blocked from completely closing by a bank of sand. Returning to the main Red Stick force, Weatherford planned the attack for the next day. Fort Mims Massacre - Blood in the Stockade: The next morning, Beasley was again alerted to the approach of a Creek force by local scout James Cornells. Disregarding this report, he attempted to have Cornells arrested, but the scout rapidly departed the fort. Around noon, the forts drummer summoned the garrison for the midday meal. This was used as the attack signal by the Creek. Surging forward, they rapidly advanced on the fort with many of the warriors taking control of the loopholes in the stockade and opening fire. This provided cover for others who successfully breached the open gate. The first Creeks to enter the fort were four warriors who had been blessed to become invincible to bullets. Though they were struck down, they briefly delayed the garrison while their comrades poured into the fort. Though some later claimed he had been drinking, Beasley attempted to rally a defense at the gate and was struck down early in the fighting. Taking command, Bailey and the forts garrison occupied its inner defenses and buildings. Mounting a stubborn defense, they slowed the Red Stick onslaught. Unable to force the Red Sticks out of the fort, Bailey found his men gradually being pushed back. As the militia fought for control of the fort, many of the settlers were struck down by the Red Sticks including women and children. Using flaming arrows, the Red Sticks were able to force the defenders from forts buildings. Sometime after 3:00 PM, Bailey and his remaining men were driven from two buildings along the forts north wall and killed. Elsewhere, some of the garrison was able to break through the stockade and escape. With the collapse of organized resistance, the Red Sticks began a wholesale massacre of the surviving settlers and militia. Fort Mims Massacre: Aftermath: Some reports indicate that Weatherford attempted to halt the killing but was unable to bring the warriors under control. The Red Sticks blood lust may have been partially fueled by a false rumor which stated that the British would pay five dollars for each white scalp delivered to Pensacola. When the killing ended, as many as 517 settlers and soldiers had been struck down. Red Stick losses are not known with any precision and estimates vary from as low as 50 killed to as high as 400. While the whites at Fort Mims were largely killed, the Red Sticks spared the forts slaves and took them as their own. The Fort Mims Massacre stunned the American public and Claiborne was criticized for his handling of the frontier defenses. Beginning that fall, an organized campaign to defeat the Red Sticks commenced using a mix of US regulars and militia. These efforts culminated in March 1814 when Major General Andrew Jackson decisively defeated the Red Sticks at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend. In the wake of the defeat, Weatherford approached Jackson seeking peace. After brief negotiations, the two concluded the Treaty of Fort Jackson which ended the war in August 1814. Selected Sources Fort Mims Massacre Fort Mims Restoration Association

Software Piracy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Software Piracy - Assignment Example hical means 4: Government Government must provide the autonomy to each stakeholder about the use of software for their interests Government must ensure that pirated software does not harm the interests of the original creator as well as other stakeholders It is the duty of government to tell the truth about software piracy The Dilemma (Software Piracy) Software consists of programs that are designed to perform specific tasks for the different classes of users. Today, software applications are widely being used by individuals, government and business organizations for a variety of purposes. The software programs’ utilities are numerous in certain areas such as hospitals, banking education and space studies. Software programs can be purchased from software vendors. Eventually, certain general purpose software programs are available on internet, as freeware and shareware. However, the freeware and shareware software do not have much capabilities that are owned by the retail softw are packages (University of West Florida, 2012). Software piracy can be defined as the illegal copying, distribution or in general the illegal use of software. In other words, software piracy can be described as copying of software programs by individuals or business organizations either with profit motive or to harm others. The advancement in technological systems and tools has not only a favorable impact on the society but has also contributed immensely towards software piracy throughout the globe. Software piracy has serious impacts both on national economy as well as on the software producing organizations. The software producing companies spend millions of Dollars on their research activities for inventing particular software. Unfortunately, a few individuals and organizations take negative advantage of the technological advancements bothering less about the nation’s economy and software producing organizations which results in the form of pirated software (Ohio Literacy Resource Centre, 2001). Consequently, such factors have attracted the interests of many researchers to choose software piracy as one of the largely debated ethical issues. Three Principles The three principles selected for the matrix include Autonomy, Non-maleficence and Veracity. Autonomy can be described as freedom of an individual to take his/her own decisions. Every individual is free to use genuine or pirated software which is solely based on the conscience of an individual to consider it as ethical or unethical. However, the decision an individual takes should not harm any other individual or group or it should be non-maleficence. At the same time, the decision should not violate the rules and the laws established by the state or federal government. The truth related to incurrence of any act in relation to software piracy should be brought into limelight so that any such occurrence of piracy in future can be prevented. It can also benefit to create awareness about software pi racy and the harm that it can create to the

Short Story Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Short Story - Essay Example â€Å"The Lottery† highlights the fact that societies must adjust themselves to the need of changing times. Leaving behind the past beliefs, which have no meaning, is the only way to reform the society in a progressive manner. The central point about the story is the blinding faith in the past traditions and customs that these villagers would not like to change. This connects the story to the kind of superstitious values that the village people were following. An example of this can be traced to the fact that the lottery box has almost lived its life and become worn out, as this box is used every year for the ritual of conducting annual lottery draw in the village. However, the people of this village would not like to change the box as it has the pieces of wood taken from the earlier box, which was probably used for centuries. Although the lottery conductor, Mr. Summers raised the point of replacing this box, the people of the village would not listen to him as no body wanted to replace it. The draw of lottery had nothing to do with the age or construction of the box. Such blind beliefs are found in most of the countries. For example, people in India would not conduct an important business during certain period of the year, which is considered inauspicious. Like the tradition of celebrating the Halloween, which this village also enjoyed, worshipping the dead is not considered a good sign in India. Such traditions leave along-lasting image on the psyche of the people, who are not prepared to change the age-old beliefs. Such beliefs are worldwide. For example, the Irish village folks believe that ghosts will occupy the house, after they vacate it. Hence, they have the tradition of breaking the doors and windows of the house, before vacating it. Although such beliefs are followed blindly, no body has a logical explanation to justify them. However, people invoke stars and

Team Leadership Essay Example for Free

Team Leadership Essay One of the key facets of being a good manager is being able to bring people together that have many different personalities, and forge them into a team that works like a well-oiled machine. In the case of my marketing team, including myself I have four personalities, which to work from to put together a marketing team that will work efficiently with one another. The people in my marketing team were analyzed on the Jungian 16-Type Personality test, and the personality types in my group are two ESTJs, one ISTJ, and one ENTJ. These personality types are overall very similar to one another and that fact should make forming an effective marketing group that much easier (University of Phoenix, 2013). The first personality that I will analyze will be I and another person in my group, the ESTJs. ESTJ stands for Extroverted Sensing Thinking Judging, which means that people with my personality type are acute leaders who promote work ethics, responsibility, and standing up for the principles that one holds. ESTJs are particularly well suited for management or political office due to the fact that they make impersonal decisions quickly, and are very good at supervising those under them in order to accomplish goals. One theory that applies particularly well to those who are ESTJs is the collaborative leadership theory, which states that creating and working through strategic alliances and strong partnerships creates leadership roles that allow for great change and work to be accomplished within businesses, corporations, etc. Collaborative leadership is upheld not by formal institutions of leadership or communication, but by a complex web of interpersonal relationships that are essential to the proper functioning of the business. Since ESTJs are very good at making decisions quickly, a trait that is necessary in order to efficiently collaborate, the collaborative leadership theory is a theory that can be easily used to direct ESTJs. The next personality type that is to be evaluated is the ISTJ. Similar to the ESTJ in that the person has a great focus on taking in facts and making logical, clear decisions, the main difference is the way in which the ISTJ communicates to others. Being an Introvert does not necessarily mean that this person is shy; rather, being an Introvert usually just means that interpersonal communication takes more effort and energy to do effectively than Extroverts. ISTJs function on the principle of quantifiable, measurable means of data and actions, and thus are very effective at analyzing situations and processing a decision to be made and held to in a very short amount of time. ISTJs are very determined, and will usually pursue a job or a goal in an effective and efficient manner. When they see other people that do not follow through on their goals or responsibilities as the ISTJ would, this causes the ISTJ to become frustrated, as others inconsistency is something the inhibits their progress. The final personality type in my marketing group is the ENTJ, a personality type that often embodies the traits of leadership that are often looked for in managers. ENTJs are those personalities who become world leaders or powerful people, as they are unequivocal in their resoluteness to accomplish whatever goals are set before them or by them for their own sake. ENTJs are decisive, and have the inborn ability to delegate and assign roles to their peers efficiently, traits that management and leadership laud and constantly search for. In the midst of conflicts, problems, or any other kind of issue that arises before and ENTJ, they remain calm and persistent in their efforts to take care of the problem in a manner that will efficiently close it. The situation in which my marketing team is one where we will need to come together in order to accomplish group goals that will be set by the leader of the group. Since all of the personalities in the group share common characteristics, the TJ part of their personality test, then it would follow that our group will be able to easily and efficiently communicate and work together on these goals. The urgency within the group will be to find and make someone a leader, establish goals, divide and assign labor, and then begin work on those goals. Since all four people in the group could possibly be an effective leader, picking a leader will not be an especially urgent task, as each group member has a personality type that is conductive to being self-motivated and accomplishing tasks that have been set before them. The matter that will be of the most urgency is the division of labor within the group, because one of its biggest strengths, the above-mentioned fact that all members could be possible leaders, is also one of the groups biggest possible weaknesses. Making sure that everyone knows his or her job and that no one bumps over into someone’s work territory will be an important first step for my marketing team to take (University of Phoenix, 2013). Since I have been chosen to take charge of this group, I will use the fact that all of us in the group share the TJ characteristic to being communicating the different duties that will be assigned to each person. By dividing the labor and clearly establishing who needs to do what, and what lines are to be drawn, the members of my group will be able to operate within clear guidelines that all of our personalities tend to crave. Two leadership theories that will be able to be practically applied in this situation will be the theories of relational and collaborative leadership. Relational leadership theory focuses on the importance of the relationships that are established in leadership roles. Making sure that the relationship between me and my co-workers, and my co-workers and themselves is an essential facet of having a successful team. Without the trust and confidence that is given through effective and meaningful relationships, leadership in a group such as this will be difficult to exercise. The collaborative leadership theory applies here because in such a small team, making sure that everyone is collaborating on work is a critical part of making sure that everyone is on the same page. In conclusion, I believe that the teams of people that have been assigned to me as my marketing team are serendipitously set to be a powerful and effective team. As our personality types are congruent and conductive to the kind of work that will be taking place, being a leader among personalities that understand and know leadership qualities will be an interesting and  fulfilling task. The urgency of dividing labor and establishing leadership can be assuaged by applying the leadership theories that have been mentioned, along with the communication and relational focus that is necessary for leadership in this kind of situation. Being a leader in a group of leaders can sometime cause issue, but with time and effort, this group can become a well-oiled work machine that every manager lives to see.

The School Access to Emergency Epinephrine Essay example -- anaphylaxis

Imagine eating in the cafeteria and suddenly becoming short of breath as your throat starts to close up. There are 6 million children living in the world who are at high risk of experiencing this condition (Cianferoni, 2012). This condition is called anaphylaxis caused from an allergen. This can turn into a life-threatening situation. School systems need grants to provide adequate care to these students that experience anaphylaxis to prevent from lethal occurrences. The School Access to Emergency Epinephrine Act is the answer to decrease the risk of these situations. The bill authorizes the Congress to give funding to the schools if they meet the following requirements: maintain an emergency supply of epinephrine, permit trained personnel of the school to administer epinephrine, and develop a plan for ensuring trained personnel are available to administer epinephrine during all hours of the school day (H.R. 2094, 2013). This bill can affect the overall healthcare system by providing a safe environment in the schools for children and providing peace of mind for the families of children with allergies. Anaphylaxis is an allergic reaction that occurs suddenly and without warning. It is severe and can be deadly if not treated immediately. During anaphylaxis, the airways tighten and cause difficulty breathing, swallowing, wheezing, loss of consciousness and sometimes hives. Anaphylaxis can occur not only from food allergies, but also medications and insect bites (Kim & Fischer, 2011). In children, food allergies are the most common source of anaphylaxis (Kim & Fisher, 2011). Anaphylaxis is treated with a medication called Epinephrine. In Massachusetts, the department of health found that a fourth of the students who needed Epinephrin... ...reasonably believed to be having an anaphylactic reaction; and has in place a plan for having on the premises of the school during all operating hours of the school one or more individuals who are trained personnel of the school (H.R. 2094, 2013). This act is extremely important in the healthcare of the society. Without adequate funds and access to non-patient specific epinephrine during these situations could result in insecurity and possibly death in the school system. The School Access to Emergency Epinephrine will provide families assurance that their children will be safe and protected and if the situation occurs, that they would be treated promptly and effectively. Not only will this act provide peace of mind for families and children, but also allow the society as a whole to trust the legislative system to provide for their healthcare needs when they arise.

Notes on the Ethical Theories Essay

Immanuel Kant (notice that he lived in the 1700’s and people likely had different views back then), a philosopher, believes that using reason, one can make a list of ethical actions. Kant says that one must generalize the certain action he is about to do to see if it is reasonable. For example, you ask yourself â€Å"should I cut the line in the cafeteria?† The way you can answer this question is by asking yourself â€Å"What if everyone cut the line?† Of course, if that happened then there would be chaos, so you shouldn’t cut the line. This also applies to stealing, murdering, and keeping promises. He basically says that everyone is equal and you shouldn’t justify your actions to yourself because you are not special and you wouldn’t want others to do that to you. â€Å"Treat others as you would have them treat you.† Golden Rule. But, if only you do this and no one else does you are going to get eaten up by the world. This may contradi ct a person’s adaptability and may negatively appeal to emotion; you will feel like a B—-. Veil of ignorance- You have two people who love cake. Tell one person to cut a cake in half but let the other choose which half to take. Again, Golden Rule. Kant says there is a difference between objects and people, you can replace objects but not people. Someone broke my computer, I am sad. He buys me a new one, I am happy. I am about to die, my parents are sad. They can clone me, should they be happy? He also says that you shouldn’t kill people for the greater good. But what if they were murderers or rapists aren’t they causing sadness, and their deaths would in fact be for the greater good? Kant sees that a persons intentions that count rather than the final result. But what if I am helping a person, who is bad and corrupt, against a thief who is only trying to feed his family, quite the dilemma. Kant uses only reasoning rather than emotion so that people always do what is right rather than when they feel like it. Consistency is key to his theories. Criticisms of Kant Moral Absolutism – You can’t always not lie. What if a murderer wants to kill your dad? Your dad hides and then the murder breaks in and asks you were he is. If you follow Kant’s ideas, you would tell him where your dad is. There must be some sort of emotion to counteract those who do not follow the philosophy of Kant. But again, Kant is saying that EVERYONE should do this, and this murderer wouldn’t exist in Kant’s ideal world. Rule worship- To blindly follow rules without using your own knowledge. â€Å"If rules can not be bent, then they should be broken.† Conflicts of duty- should you steal the medicine for your dying wife? Should you save your grandmother from the burning house or the doctor who can save many people? Moral coldness- The world would be emotionless and sad. There will be little space for happiness because everything is going to be so constant and emotions will have a very small presence. Utilitarianism- Seek the greatest happiness for the greatest number. What if you could randomly pick 10 people to die and save 100? Would you do it? You can say yes, because it logical, you use no emotion what so ever. That goes against Kant though because he says that people have dignity and you shouldn’t take that away. You can say no, where you are mostly using emotion.

Prenatal and Postpartum Scenario Essay

The following is a daily activity list for the 6 month developmental pregnancy timeline, this consist of three activities if done daily can have a positive effect on your pregnancy and your infant’s future development. What a baby looks like and how it acts, to an extent are determined by nature or heredity. But nurture or a child’s environment all play a role in whom they will become. There are many activities a pregnant mom can do to influence her baby’s environment in a positive manner. Daily exercise throughout the duration of a normal uncomplicated pregnancy can prepare your body for the physical demands of labor, and help to reduce infant stress levels during delivery. According to Strength and Conditioning Journal â€Å"exercising during pregnancy decreases blood pressure, improves self-esteem, and decreases muscle soreness.† â€Å"Research also shows positive fetal responses to daily exercise by improving the baby’s tolerance to stress before and during labor, babies also tend to be more alert and readily self quieted.† (Martens, 2006) A daily exercise goal of walking, swimming or yoga for 20-30 minutes should be set. Avoid secondhand smoke, â€Å"living in a smoky environment is tied to asthma and breathing problems.†(Simons, 2014) â€Å"There have also been recent studies linking smoking while pregnant to increase risk of SID.† (Simons, 2014) If  you smoke or live with someone who does smoke there are smoking cessation programs to help you quit. Depressive symptoms occur in approximately 20% of pregnant women. Maternal health is the key to developing infant’s health. Pregnant women who are depressed have poor sleep habits, decreased appetite these things could result in preterm-birth or low birth weight. â€Å"More than 13% of women take antidepressants during pregnancy, but by doing this it could have a lasting impact on the developing fetus including birth defects, behavioral problems, and autism.†(Tjoa, 2010) More and more physicians and pregnant moms are looking toward non-pharmaceutical ways to treat depression during pregnancy. If you have depression you may seek cognitive behavioral therapy to reduce your symptoms. Postpartum Woman MEMO To: Postpartum Woman From: Mindy Donaldson Date: April 17, 2015 Re: Daily Activity List The daily activities in this memo are meant to help prevent any adjustment difficulties during the postpartum period. As in pregnancy regular physical activity is important during the post partum period, this not only helps with endurance levels and prevention of chronic illness. Physical activity can help to ward off postpartum depression. â€Å"Starting a low impact exercise routine 3-4 days a week should help you to obtain pre-pregnancy weight goals.† (Borodulin, 2009) A healthy diet during the postpartum period is very important for all new mothers. â€Å"Caloric intake should not fall below 1800 calories a day.† (Boyd, 2013) Inadequate caloric intake may increase postpartum fatigue, and have a negative impact on mood. â€Å"Post pregnancy dieting may be accompanied by significant decrease in bone mineral density.† (Boyd, 2013) Postpartum depression affects many women and interrupts their daily  activities and relationships. â€Å"The symptoms of postpartum depression usually begin within one month after childbirth, most commonly feeling depressed or losing interest in daily activities.† (What Is Postpartum Depression, 2014) Postpartum depression is treated with psychotherapy or antidepressants. References Borodulin, E. H. (2009). Physical Activitiy Patterns During Pregnancy Through Postpartum. Womens Health , 32. Boyd, K. (2013). Diet, Nutrition, and Exercise. ARHP . Martens, D. H. (2006). Physiological changes and effects on the mother and fetus. Strength and Conditioning Journal , 78-82. Simons, E. T. (2014). Maternal second-hand smoke exposure in pregnancy is associated with childhood asthma development. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology in Practice , 201-207. Tjoa, C. &. (2010). Unipolar depression during pregnancy: Nonpharmacologic treatment options. Women’s Health . What Is Postpartum Depression. (2014). Retrieved from Drugs.com.