Impact of Advertising of Toilet Soaps

Impact of Advertising of Toilet Soaps Rationale of Study 70 % of India Population Lives in 627000 Villages in rural Areas.90% of the Rural Population is concentrated in villages with a Population of less than 2000, with agriculture being the main Business. This shows the Potential India and has to bring the much -needed Volume Driven Growth. The Saturation limit in the Urban Market has reached and now marketers are moving Rural. They are following go GO RURAL Strategy. There is a increase in Income of Rural People, growth in rural demand is expected to increase double fold every Quarter because consumers are moving up towards premium products. However, in the recent past there has not been much change in the volume of premium soaps in proportion to economy soaps, because increase in prices has led some consumers to look for cheaper substitutes. The Maximum Advertisement is Personal Care Category comes from Toiletry Soaps .It will be also good to understand some ground realities about rural marketing before marketers venture into rural markets with their brands. Like in urban areas, People who watch TV in rural areas, also influence the choice of many personal care products. INTRODUCTION Background of study The toilet soaps market is estimated at 530,000 TPA including small imports. Hindustan UniLever is, of course, the market leader. The market is littered over with several, leading national and global brands and a large number of small brands, which have limited markets. The popular Brands in the rural areas include Lifebuoy, Lux, Cinthol, Liril, and Nirma, Santoor. Toilet soaps, despite their divergent brands, are not well differentiated by the consumers. It is, therefore, not clear if it is the brand loyalty or experimentation lured by high volume media campaign, which sustain them. A consequence is that the market is fragmented. It is obvious that this must lead to a highly competitive market. Toilet soap, once only an urban phenomenon, has now penetrated practically all areas including remote rural areas. The incremental demand flows from population increase and rise in usage norm impacted as it is by a greater concern for hygiene. Increased sales revenues would also expand from up gradation of quality or per unit value. As the market is constituted now, it can be divided into four price segments: premium, popular, discount and economy soaps. Premium soaps are estimated to have a market volume of about 80,000 tonnes. This translates into a share of about 14 to 15%. However, by value it is as much as 30%. Market Segmentation Soaps are also categorized into mens soaps, ladies soaps and common soaps. There are a few specialty soaps as transparent Glycerin soaps, sandal soaps, specially flavored soaps, medicated soaps and baby soaps. Specialty soaps are high valued but enjoy only a small share of the market in value terms. The market is growing at 7% a year. This means that the incremental demand generation is 5% over and above the population growth. With increasing awareness of hygienic standards, the market could grow at a rate higher than 8% annually. Interestingly, 60% of the market is now sourced from the rural sector. This means that the variance between the two segments is not very large. Since upper-end market focus is the urban areas, margins come from the urban sector. Factors affecting buying behavior Price is the most important factor which effects the buying behavior of consumer, by which a consumer goes for the various segment of soap like premium, popular, sub-popular and carbolic which are basically decided by the cost factor and fat content in the soap. The buying frequency is either monthly that is done by the families or in case of bachelors it is more than once in a month. The occasions when premium soaps are purchased are usually when there are festivals and ceremonies. Moti Soaps are usually presented during festivals and occasions for presents and gifts. The promotional techniques help to boost sales. Various tactics like the price offs, buy one get two free, free gifts and other schemes help boost sales in short run and also help in clearing stocks. One of the important points a soap marketer should note is that the soaps are usually purchased by women in urban areas as most of the day to day consumption of personal care products are made by women. A point to note is that women use more personal care product than men do and hence premium soaps are mostly targeted at them. Men normally make purchase decisions in rural areas. Hence the marketer has to adopt different strategy for such a market. Benefits sought by various customers from various brands are Beauty Lux Freshness Liril, Cinthol Natural Medimix, Margo Baby Johnson Johnson, Doy Cream Dove, Doy Care (moisturizing) Medicated Dettol, Savlon, Glycerin Pears, Emami Penetration One of the factors, which affect the demand of soaps, is the penetration, which the products have in market. In case of soaps this has not been a major issue as the penetration in the rural area is as high as 97% and that for urban area is around 99%. Thus the approximately the penetration is around 99% for overall India. Hindustan UniLever is the largest contributor to the toilet soaps market of India. It enjoys almost a two-thirds share, with the second ranked Nirma Soaps placed at a distantly low share of 16.8%. Lux and Lifebuoy have held the sway of the market for almost fifty years. While the former brand remained the preserve of the high-end rich consumers, Lifebuoy ruled the roost with health-conscious users as a hygienic soap. The products underwent up-gradations with the introduction of versions like International Lux and Lifebuoy Personal. In between came brands like Nirma Rose, Nirma Beauty Soap, Breeze, Caress, and LeSancy. In 1993 came Dove. Earlier, Liril made waves with its lemon touch and bathing acrobatics. At the medium and lower rungs, brands like Hamam, Moti, Jai, Rexona (third largest brand) were well supported by OK and later by OK NSD Bar. The brands have undergone a full foray of launches and relaunches, making each occasion to give a more vigorous thrust to the marketing effort. Quite a few of the brands have been acquired: Hamam from TOMCO and Baby Toilet soap from Johnson Johnson, for example. While Pears has dominated as high profile specialty soap, HUL undertook, in 1992, a project to manufacture the product for the world market at Khamgaon in Maharashtra. Commercial production commenced in 1993. To provide a sound base to its toilet soaps operations, HUL has also branched out into other toiletries like shampoos and related products like glycerin, fatty acids. Godrej Soaps had a disappointing experience in forging an alliance with Procter Gamble (PG). Infact PG is withdrawing itself from the premium soap segment like Camay. P G has now a fully-owned subsidiary in India and now it is concentrating more on personal care products. Godrej retained all soap brands and transferred detergent brands to PG in 1993. Godrej found it convenient to shed the detergent brands Ezee, Key, Biz and Trilo as they represented a losing portfolio. Godrej is promoting a number of brands, Cinthol, Ganga, Shikakai, Fairglow, No.1 and Crowning Glory, while it has others to bother about such as Vigil and Fresca. Cinthol ranks third and accounts for 60% of all Godrej Soaps brands. It is an old brand launched about five decades ago in early 1950s. New Cinthol Lime and Cologne gave it a new look in 1985. Two variants were introduced in 1989 placing an added emphasis on their brand of soaps. Its deodorant and complexion soap is styled as Cinthol Spice. Cinthol is perceived largely as a male soap, as Lux is a ladys soap. The company expects a very high growth for Cinthol in 1997-98. Ganga did well and a new version Doodh Ganga has been introduced. Ganga had notched up a 5% market share but declined to 2% later with sales at Rs 350 mn. Godrej wants to revive it. Godrej Soaps was giving a tough competition to Hindustan Lever. Crowning Glory was pitched for hair care. Even Nirma has achieved a significant penetration and has notched up an impressive 60,000 tonnes sale in just three years. Nirma Ltd has been putting up a backward integration plant to produce soda ash and linear alkyl benzene (LAB). Capacity utilization in the industry varies from as low as 50% to 80%. Godrej Soaps Limited (GSL) has been using its capacity by working for other producers. GSL makes Rexona and Dettol for Reckitt Colman of India and Johnsons Baby Soap for Hindustan UniLever (Johnson Johnson). And yet only half of its capacity of 71,000 tonnes is being used. Also companies like VVF Ltd. has state of the art technology oriented plants, which they mostly use for producing brands like Dettol, Nivea Creame soap and also internationally well know brands like Fa for other marketers. It seems Indians have sacrificed hygiene at the altar of thrift. If numbers are anything to go by, Indians do seem to be washing themselves, as well as their clothes, rather less. Data collated by industry certainly points to this rather unpleasant conclusion. The consumption of soaps and detergents has shrunk substantially with volumes declining by 11.5 per cent and consumption of detergents declining by 4.1 per cent in the year. The evidence of this decline in consumption is somewhat perplexing in a country with a growing population as the consumption of soap and detergents should logically be directly proportional to population growth. Soaps and detergents are at the back of the house and are not status products like TVs or refrigerators. Its possible that consumers may be economizing on their use or buying cheaper brands during a downturn, explains an official at a leading FMCG firm. One possible reason could be increased production in the small-scale sector. For instance, besides detergents sold as powders and bars, which is produced by organized players, a large quantum of detergents is sold in the form of laundry soaps, which are used for washing clothes. Production of laundry soaps are reserved for the small-scale sector and data is not readily available. There is also a large cottage industry producing cheap soap, used for personal wash, for which reliable numbers are not available. Another possible reason for the apparent decline in consumption could be the free samples of soap which have been handed out as part of incentive schemes, say industry sources. The quantum of such samples may not be picked up in the data, said the official. There is another whacky hypothesis. Many households earlier used soaps for twin purposes: for body wash as well as shampoo substitutes. However, successful sachet marketing in shampoo seems to have now penetrated this market, which has directly impacted the sales of soaps. A detailed analysis of the data shows that sale of premium soaps, the likes of HULs Lux or Godrejs Cinthol, declined by 13.1 per cent. But even the carbolic or discount soaps the likes of HULs Lifebuoy or Nirma saw volumes decline by 9.9 per cent. Even though the market has shown de-growth in toilet soaps segment, analyst say that it will grow at a meager rate of 3 to 4 per cent especially in the premium category, which was previously looking attractive. This can be attributed to factors like excessive dependent of Indian rural sector on monsoon, which can be uncertain. Also due to high excise duty prices have remained high enough to keep the huge middle class chunk away from this market. Thirdly 80% of the raw materials used in premium soap are imports, which attract high import duty. All this factors lead to increase in cost, which deters the players to provide value for money product to the middle class consumer. The price of the premium segment products is twice that of economy segment products. The economy and popular segments are 4/5ths of the entire soaps market. The penetration level of toilet soaps is 88.6%. However, the per capita consumption of soap in India is at 460 gms per annum, while in Brazil it is at 1,100 gms per annum. In India, soaps are available in five million retail stores, out of which, 3.75 million retail stores are in the rural areas. Therefore, availability of these products is not an issue. 70% of Indias population resides in the rural areas; hence around 50% of the soaps are sold in the rural markets. Growth With increase in disposable incomes, growth in rural demand is expected to increase because consumers are moving up towards premium products. However, in the recent past there has not been much change in the volume of premium soaps in proportion to economy soaps, because increase in prices has led some consumers to look for cheaper substitutes. The major players in personal wash (Soap) market are HUL, Nirma and Godrej REVIEW OF LITERATURE Publised by WPP COMPANY ( OGLIVY INDIA ) Developing markets such as India are an important source of growth for Unilever. The company is adopting unique marketing approaches to increase consumption of its products in these regions, positioning itself as an ethical brand that benefits wider society. Unilevers Lifebuoy Swasthya Chetna (Health Awakening) campaign is one example. This educates people on the importance of health and hygiene in preventing diarrhea and encourages them to adopt a simple hand-washing regime using soap. Swasthya Chetna is Indias largest ever rural health and hygiene education program. HUL have done aggressive advertising strategies to promote its Swasthya Chetna Programme Lifebuoy health officers visited 43,000 Indian villages and schools over five years where they used product demonstrations, interactive visuals, competitions and drama workshops to spread the health and hygiene message. The program has reached 110 million rural Indians since it began in 2002. Awareness of germs has increased by 30% and soap use has increased among 79% of parents and among 93% of children in the areas targeted. Soap consumption has increased by 15%. The campaign received recognition for its innovation and effectiveness, winning Silver in the Rural Marketing Advertisers Association of India awards in 2006, and the grand prize at the Asian CSR awards 2007. It was also recognized by the Indian government who created a special edition postal cover dedicated to the campaign. .[1] Publised in Business.in.com by Sawmya roy on August 18,2009 Godrej No. 1. is a hit though, from the stables of Godrej Consumer Products Ltd. It claimed the number three spot in the toilet soap category for the quarter ended June 2009, eating into market leader Hindustan Unilevers (HUL) market share. It is now the third highest selling soap behind Lifebuoy and Lux. Lifebuoy and Lux, both HUL products and market leaders, saw market share decline by almost 2 percent to 16 and 15.4 Santoor also stakes claim to the number three spot. The ACNielsen Repot shows Godrej No. 1 in the number three slot, but only in terms of volume. Since it is a discount brand, it falls to number five in terms of value. Santoor and Dettol take the third and fourth spots on the Neilson Report Table. Toilet-soaps have emerged as the most advertised product in the personal care category in the first half of 2009, leaving behind summer skewed category favorites like talcum powders and prickly heat powders/lotions by a considerable margin. The top 10 list saw three of the brands from toilet soaps Lifebuoy Swasth, Chetna 07, Godrej No.1 Papaya Lotus and Lux Pink Soap. The change in trend is because traditional summer categories like talcum powder has reached stagnation due to consumers shift towards other categories like the deodorants. The shift from talcum powders to toilet soaps during summers is also because soaps too are increasingly being positioned as a value-added, cosmetic category which could ensure lasting fragrance, smooth skin and even fairness in some cases. According to industry estimates, the soap segment is one of the biggest FMCG categories in India with bathing and toilet soaps constituting around 30 per cent of the soap market.. Hindustan Unilever (HUL) is the biggest advertiser in the personal care category across print and television media. Toilet Soaps had a 1/4th share in the entire personal care advertising in print, while the category led the advertising with 30 per cent share on TV. HUL advertised with 42 brands in which Lux soap, Fair Lovely Multivitamin and Pepsodent Complete Germi Check had the maximum share. .[2] Publised in Business.in.com by Sawmya roy on August 18,2009 Godrej No. 1 has gained market share but it is more due to HULs bad judgments in assessing consumer sentiment. No. 1s growth figures have come from rural areas. During the peak of the slowdown last year, rural buying was largely unaffected even as urban figures dropped. But rural areas are sensitive to price changes. Prices of palm oil, a key ingredient in soap, started rising and HUL imposed steep price hikes. Godrej waited and increased prices slowly and at a much lower rate than HUL. They drove home the advantage that they had been handed. Once consumers started trying out Godrej No. 1, the brand managers used a combination of clear mass market, rural positioning and a rapid increase in distribution to cement the gains. The company sharply increased its rural distribution network. No. 1 ads now appear only on Doordarshan because it is cheaper and ubiquitous in the areas where they want to be. Spending only on Doordarshan also means that Godrej No. 1s ad to sales ratio is just 1 percent compared to the industry figure of around 8 to 10 percent. No. 1 was traditionally popular in Punjab and Haryana but not known in other states. It has doubled distribution in Uttar Pradesh in the last two years to compete with large competitors. The Godrej group re-branding campaign also helped. But No. 1 is not alone in its success. Wipro has also worked with micro finance institutions to promote its soaps in rural areas. .[3} Published: June 03, 2010 in India [emailprotected] In Indian villages, though, a marriage in the family means shopping not just for the trousers and home appliances it also means buying hair dye, henna and bigger bars of soap. For many households in rural India, what the rest of the world considers everyday products are luxuries to be indulged in once in a while. Consumer products companies in India are working overtime to change that thinking. Godrej Consumer Products Ltd (GCPL), though, ensuring its products fly off village store shelves has become the governing ambition. In April 2009, Godrej initiated the ambitious Project Dharti (Dharti is the Hindi word for Earth) to increase the companys focus on rural India. The programs goals are: to generate sales in rural India that overtake within a year the contribution of the countrys urban areas; that rural sales growth will outstrip overall sales increases; and that GCPLs distribution network within three years will have expanded to 50,000 villages and 8,000 small towns across India. GCPL is the second largest bath soap manufacturer in India, after Hindustan Unilever. The company claims its Godrej No.1 brand is the best-selling Grade 1; toilet soaps ,have a higher fat content than bathing bars) and the market leader across north India. Rural sales contribution to total revenue has increased to 42%, and GCPL has gained a percentage point each in market share of hair color and soaps. Godrej increased its Market Share with the Advertising in Rural Areas with their Discount Schemes. . GCPL always have been mainly focusing on Customize product and communication; build recognition through demonstration; build word of mouth for the brand; and build access through innovation and a cost-effective distribution channel. Conventional wisdom says rural consumers need customized products designed to suit their needs, their conditions and their wallets. But they also want products similar to those available in urban markets, so many believe that small compromises in product quality are acceptable. Rural consumers want the same product as urban shoppers. If you compromise on quality to make it affordable now, they will shun your brand when their income levels increase. The solution lies in customizing the size of the offering, not the product itself. GCPL has done just that, introducing smaller packages of the same products, at price points rural consumers can afford. Smaller bars of soap, herbal henna packets for 10 cents, sachets of powder hair dye and talcum powder for 20 cents act as entry points for rural consumers, who return for larger packs when their budgets permit. Sales of consumer products in rural markets peak immediately after the harvest and during festivals and the wedding season (September through December), when many of Indias 600,000 villages are in a have-cash-will-spend mood. Company executives say the response to the smaller packages has been strong, especially in South India, where the smallest available size of GCPLs Cinthol soap retails at 50 cents. An 11-cent bar has been added to the portfolio. There was Aggressive advertising for their smaller pack Communication and promotion strategies also need to be tailored to suit rural customer needs. It starts with the media plan. For value brands like Godrej No.1, GCPL has stopped advertising on private cable and satellite channels, preferring the cheaper and more widely received government-owned television network, Doordarshan, as well as All-India Radio. In addition, it advertises on regional language TV channels and in local publications. It is more cost-effective to be on Doordarshan since the share of voice is higher,. The hair color brands and soap brand Cinthol also retain a more conventional media plan, including ads on cable television. The commercials that appear on regional TV channels and Doordarshan are quite different from those on cable television, keeping local sentiments in mind. For instance, visuals of people playing with their hair or running their fingers through their hair would be frowned upon in conservative villages, although its a common image in hair care product advertising across the country.. The rural consumer is just evolving from the economics of necessity to the economics of gratification. Unlike the urban consumer, he is largely a first-time user of several product categories, be it FMCG or durables, he adds. Regular below-the-line activity such as in-store demonstrations and stalls at village fairs and farmers meets are also forming part of GCPLs rural marketing strategy. Barbers as Brand Ambassadors GCPL is counting on word-of-mouth brand building for its Expert line of hair color products and Toiletry soaps . The company is reaching out to 50,000 barbers and salons in nine states, offering to engage them in a co-branding exercise. Under the program, the salons add the Expert tag to their names, with all fixtures including mirrors and chairs displaying the GCPL brand logo prominently. The salons will also be provided grooming kits including the hair dye, mixing bowl and brush, as well as other GCPL products such as talcum powder and shaving cream. Most people turn to their hairdressers for advice when they decide to color their hair. So it makes sense for us to influence the influencer, .[4] Publised in Times of India by Namrata Singh Rupali Mukherjee Demand for top-of-the- drawer FMCG products is no longer restricted to urban India. The rural consumer has emerged as an important cog in the sales growth of premium offerings. Clever pricing, rising aspirations and new marketing mantras are driving this trend. With rural consumers warming up to branded products, the urban-rural divide is fading away faster than one can imagine. There is now very little difference between the aspirations of rural consumers and their urban counterparts. Certain growth statistics have shattered the myth that the rural consumer is content with unbranded or mass-end products alone and gives a strong indication that rural market consumption has picked up and is accelerating faster than urban markets. This has led to their changing their consumption pattern. Dove shampoo, a premium-end product, reported a growth of over 100% in the rural market during January-October 2010 over the same period last year. In fact, Dove grew faster than its mid-priced cousin, Sunsilk shampoo, which reported a growth of 14% in rural India during the period. Although analysts explain that the high growth is due to a lower base and that actual sales number would be smaller given the recent introduction of the brand, one cannot overlook the fact that there is a demand for such products and marketers can no longer underestimate the aspirations of the rural consumer. Gone are the days when the rural consumer was content with using mustard oil and plain soap.Today,he/she is seeking special branded products for daily skin and healthcare needs. Rural consumers across income segments are showing a marked propensity towards spending on premium high-quality products, which are backed by strong brand values, For instance, take food products. Not only has the demand for cream biscuits gone up in rural markets, the sale of instant noodles, too,is growing nearly twice as fast in the rural market compared to the urban one. Whats more, one in every six rural buyer of hair dye now uses colours other than black something, which would have been dubbed indulgence a decade ago. Even seemingly urbane brands in categories like deodorants and fabric softeners are said to be growing much faster in rural India than urban. [5] RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Research methodology is the arrangement of condition for collection and analysis of data in a manner that aims to combine the relevance to the research purpose with economy in procedure. Research is conceptual structure within which research is conducted. It is way to systematically study and solve the research problems. Research purpose can be divided into three categories: Exploratory research: It is also termed as formulate research the main purpose of such research is to gain familiarity with a phenomenon or to achieve new insights. Descriptive research: This portrays the particular characteristics of a particular individual situation or a group. Casual research: Conducted to identify cause and effect relationships. A close end questionnaire was constructed for the survey. A questionnaire comprising a set of questions was presented to respondents for their answers. Data Collection: PRIMARY DATA: The first-hand information bearing on any research is the one which has been collected by the researcher. The data here is collected through: A structured questionnaire SECONDARY DATA: The data which has already been collected, complied and presented earlier by any agency may be used for purpose of investigation. The data collected through: Various publications in form of annual reports, various papers and journals published from time to time. Statistical Tool After collection of data another work necessary for any data collector is to correctly analysis that data. So statistical tools helps us to correctly analysis the data. The statistical tool used here is the software SPSS version 16.0. Ordinal Scale: An ordinal scale not only categorizes the variables in such a way as to denote differences among the various categories, it also rank-orders the categories in some meaningful way. With any variable for which the categories are to be ordered according to some preference the ordinal scale would be used. The preference would be ranked and numbered 1, 2 and so on. Nominal Scale: A nominal scale is one that allows the researcher to assign subjects to certain categories or groups. For example with respect to the variable of gender, respondents can be grouped into two categories male and female. These two groups can be assigned code numbers 1 and 2. These numbers serve as simple and convenient category labels with no intrinsic value, other than to assign respondents to one of two non-overlapping or mutually exclusive categories. Objectives of the Study: To find out the impact of advertising on Brand Performance. To know the consumer Perception of a brand after Advertising. Hypothesis Null Hypothesis: There is No significant impact of advertisement on Purchasing of toilet soaps in Rural India Alternative Hypothesis: There would be significant impact of advertisement on Purchasing of Toilet Soaps in Rural India. Research Design: The research is exploratory in nature. Explorative studies valuable means of finding out what is happening to seek new insights to ask questions and to access phenomenon in a new light. The study involves finding out impact of advertising on Brand Performance and the consumer Perception of a Brand after Advertising. Sampling Technique: Sample Size- Rural Consumers -150 Rural Retailers -50 Sampling Method- Random Sampling Method , Research Instrument Questionnaire Research Type -Exploratory Research The date was collected from filling of Questionnaires from Rural Customers and Retailers in the outskirts of Ghaziabad and Noida and the sampling Method used is Random Sampling Method. TESTS : CHI-SQUARE TEST : A chi-square test (also chi squared test or à Ã¢â‚¬ ¡2 test) is any statistical hypothesis testin which the sampling distribution of the test statistic is a chi-square distribution when the null hypothesis is true, or any in which this is asymptotically true, meaning that the sampling distribution (if the null hypothesis is true) can be made to approximate a chi-square distribution as closely as desired by making the sample size large enough. Procedure: Set up the null hypothesis that there is no significant difference between the observed and expected value. We compute the value of CHI- square by using the formula CHI-square = à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ à Ã¢â‚¬ ¡2=ÃŽÂ £ (( Oi- Ei)2/Ei) O- Observed value E- Expected value Degree of freedoms=(R-1)(C-1) Level of significance=5 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY: Research is based on the collection of data from both primary and secondary sources. There may be a possibility of biasness on the part of some respondents, but very much care has been taken to make this report unbiased. Some respondents might not give the correct information due to their lack of interest and shortage of time. Time constraint. All the information is based on primary and secondary data that has its own limitations. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Analysis on Toilet Soap Industry in India There are various toilet soaps which are sold in the Rural Market but same stay for long time and some do not and the main reason for this that companies drop in their Advertising Efforts and but companies like HUL,Godrej,Nirma Have excelled in the Rural Market because of their continuous Marketing Efforts throughout the years . The Target market chosen by me was people in the rural areas and I used random sampling method and chose people from the age group of 18-45 yrs and went on with the Research. There were 14 set of questions Designed, 7 each for the consumers and the Retailers. Analysis Question 1 Interpretation: When it comes to the Rural Market of India, the most sold Soap is Lifebuoy, Godrej and Lux and the responses from the people is also the same, 28 Respondents

Alicia Martinez Murder Essay

Alicia Martinez murder: Did Edward Romero chop up some body parts in a blender? Denver Westword, Thursday, Mar. 8 2012 Alicia Martinez disappeared on October 24, 2010, and shortly thereafter, Denver Police arrested Edward Romero for first degree murder. According to police Romero allegedly killed Martinez by shooting her twice in the head, then dismembering her body even going so far as to put some small pieces in a blender. Some parts were never found and others missing skin. Martinez was ultimately identified through the use of dental records. Francesca Pagliasotti, Romero’s girlfriend was accused of being an accessory to first-degree murder. Pagliasotti wasn’t home when Romero allegedly killed Martinez, but upon her arrival, she found him in the garage, chopping up the girls’ body. The morning after, Pagliasotti, who has two small children with Romero, got out a mop and a bucket and started cleaning up Martinez’s blood. (Roberts, 2012) The actus reus or criminal act of this crime has to be Romero shooting Martinez twice in the head and murdering her. Romero must have had a reason, in his mind, to kill Martinez. Maybe she saw him do something or he sexually assaulted her and didn’t want any witnesses. Either way the act of killing her was the actus reus. After Romero shot her and realized what he had done was not only wrong but could land him in prison for the rest of his life, he had to dispose of the body. No body, no crime. Romero decides the best course of action is to dismember the body in the garage. Not only dismember the body but put some smaller pieces in a blender. Romero had the knowledge that he had committed a crime or mens rea. Romero’s girlfriend Pagliasotta caught him in the act of dismembering a human body in his garage. Clearly what he had done in killing the girl and what he was doing with getting rid of the body was illegal. Yet Pagliasotta did not call the police or run and get help. She instead helps Romero clean up the crime scene and act like nothing happened. Pagliasotta has knowledge or mens rea of the crime. After having knowledge of the crime she did not report the crime to the authorities, this is actus reus or the criminal act. If Romero would have shot the victim and not have known that it would harm her then there would have not been a crime. There has to be the concurrence of actus reus and mens rea together for a crime to occur. The fact that he knew he was hurting Martinez when he shot her is the concurrence and ultimately the crime. Romero’s girlfriend knew that he had committed a crime. She knew that he had killed someone and that he had dismembered a body to try to cover up a crime scene. Pagliasotta knowingly helped him cover up that crime scene without alerting the authorities. This is the concurrence and ultimately her crime. This is why she is accused of accessory to first-degree murder (Roberts, 2012).

Life, Death and Basic Essay Outline

Life, Death and Basic Essay Outline What to Do About Basic Essay Outline Before You Miss Your Chance When you first begin writing essays in school, it isn't uncommon to have a whole topic assigned to you. Everyone has the capability to compose the ideal essay. Be certain that you mention the most suitable background so the readers understand what they're reading better. Before starting an essay, it's important to understand what you're writing for. My paper was done punctually and I only got the grade it is a winner! Indeed, it's an overview of writing project before it's prepared and executed. There are a couple versions of a university paper outline template that may be convenient for an aspiring college student. Basic Essay Outline: the Ultimate Convenience! Again, the more work that you do in the outline, the less work you must do when you're writing up the very first draft. The objective of your essay is defined by the kind of paper you're writing. 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Occasionally it just helps to observe how others have tackled essays before. Since informative essays are factual, it's necessary for the writer to prevent including information that contradi cts the current facts. Using Basic Essay Outline Writing an argumentative essay outline provides the writer an effortless time to put all of the point together. It outlines shows you that even if you are not a professional writer, you can still make a good essay. Essays are able to look very dull sometimes. With essay outline, they will prevent writer to get off topic or jumping from one argument to another argument that does not relate with what you are discussing. Basically, the pieces of an essay proved just 3 divisions. Since it's a narrative essay, they'd make an outstanding add-on. You should restate your most important points and earn an overview of those. Basic principal point of a poetry essay isn't to summarize the ideal college application essays examples but to. Also, you are going to interest the reader and represent your competence in a particular issue. Distinct ideas might call for various ways of representation. The primary purpose of a how-to essay is to supply a very clear set of descriptive instruction on how best to perform a procedure or task. There are particular common factors that point to the caliber and value of the essays. The Secret to Basic Essay Outline The draft goes together with the essay structure so the content can flow in a systematic way. The conclusion of the introductory paragraph should incorporate an elaborate thesis that encapsulates the basis of your gist. You could additionally have a fill er paragraph at which you would fit the extra information that you've found but which does not absolutely relate to your subject issue. The subsequent paragraphs should describe the remainder of the procedure in detail. The introductory paragraph is geared toward capturing the interest of the reader to experience the remainder of the essay and understand the procedure described therein. Utilizing an essay outline makes it possible to organize your thoughts from starting to end and makes sure that you don't leave any critical parts from the middle! Next, when the simple framework is down, you might find it a lot simpler to flesh things out. The basics incorporate an introduction, a body, and a conclusion. Top Basic Essay Outline Secrets Outlines can be helpful for practically any paper that will help you see. They can also serve as a brainstorming tool that can give you an idea of what to write about. Preparing an outline can take some time, but whenever you're finished, you're going to be in a position to compose the rough draft of your essay more quickly than if you didn't have an outline. If you're predicted to create a paper that's an overall overview, then an overall topic will suffice. You are able to search on the net to discover guidelines about how to compose an essay outline whenever you're stuck. Below is a good example of an informative essay outline on this issue Caffeine Addiction. Don't hesitate to customize the research paper outline template if you prefer to.

25 Love Sayings and Quotations

Love makes us do things we never thought we were capable of. Some love sayings inspire us to believe in love. Others give us the courage to tide through the tough times. Here is a compilation of love sayings that encourage and instill the spirit of love in these cynical times. Are you in love? Do you pine for your sweetheart in private? You dont have to retract into a shell every time the love of your life talks to you. Love cannot endure indifference. It needs to be wanted. Like a lamp, it needs to be fed out of the oil of anothers heart, or its flame burns low. Henry Ward Beecher People think love is an emotion. Love is good sense. Ken Kesey If you cannot inspire a woman with love of you, fill her above the brim with love of herself; all that runs over will be yours. Charles Caleb Colton The whole world loves a lover is an interesting theory, but a very bad legal defense. Keith Sullivan Let those love now who never loved before; Let those who always loved, now love the more. Thomas Parnell One word frees us of all the weight and pain of life: that word is love. Sophocles Love is not something you feel. Its something you do. David Wilkerson She is the heart that strikes a whole octave. After her all songs are possible. Rainer Maria Rilke Love is always bestowed as a gift—freely, willingly, and without expectation...We dont love to be loved; we love to love. Leo Buscaglia The only love worthy of a name is unconditional. John Powell I believe that unarmed truth and unconditional love will have the final word in reality. Martin Luther King, Jr. Love is the only force capable of transforming an enemy into a friend. Martin Luther King, Jr. If you would be loved, love and be lovable. Benjamin Franklin Lord, grant that I might not so much seek to be loved as to love. St. Francis of Assisi We look forward to the time when the power to love of will replace the love of power. Then will our world know the blessings of peace. William Gladstone May no gift be too small to give,nor too simple to receive,which is wrapped in thoughtfulnessand tied with love. L.O. Baird There is no instinct like that of the heart. Lord Byron All you need is love. John Lennon Love conquers all. Virgil Amor vincit omnia. (Love conquers all) Geoffrey Chaucer There is only one happiness in this life, to love and be loved. George Sand True love stories never have endings. Richard Bach Love grows more tremendously full, swift, poignant, as the years multiply. Zane Grey Love recognizes no barriers. It jumps hurdles, leaps fences, penetrates walls to arrive at its destination full of hope. Maya Angelou There is always some madness in love. But there is also always some reason in madness. Friedrich Nietzsche

According To The First Amendment Of The United States...

According to the First Amendment of the United States Constitution, the people of the nation are entitled to the freedom of speech, but not all speech is the same. The internet provides us with an infinite amount of information, grants us access to virtually everything we could want and acts as an unrestrained vehicle of communication. In the day and age where technology is advancing and social media and internet are of rising importance, the Supreme Court of the United States has been faced with the challenge of deciding what constitutes a true threat made on social media websites. The First Amendment of the United States Constitution states that Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free†¦show more content†¦In this case, the interstate commerce would be defined as the Internet. Anthony Elonis was convicted of making threats against his ex-wife, and a FBI agent and charged with five counts of violation of 18 U.S.C  § 875(c), the federal anti-threat statute. Elonis had posted comments of his Facebook that were interpreted as threats towards not only his ex-wife but to other people in his life shortly after experiencing his wife leaving him and the loss of his job. During his trial, Elonis argued that his posts were a form of â€Å"artistic expression† that help him deal with the events he was experiencing in his life. The dialect that he used in some of the posts was said to address similar ideas as many popular rap songs, in a similar violent manner but Elonis insisted that they did not refle ct any of his personal values or beliefs as a person. He continued to argue that although the people reading his posts might have possibly perceived them as threats, he could not be convicted of making threats because he never intended to threaten anyone. The term â€Å"threat† generally means a communication with an intent to cause fear and Elonis claims that he never intended to communicate a â€Å"true threat.† Elonis argued that the United States Government must be able to prove that there was a subjective intent to harm or injure another, in accordance to the First Amendment. This means that the government must be able to confirm and be able to provide evidence that Mr. ElonisShow MoreRelatedI Had A Dream Speech By Martin Luther King Jr.1684 Words   |  7 Pagesgatherings have impacted the United States civilization as we know it. Our freedom of speech and the freedom to associate ourselves with who we please has helped the United States nation grow in development and tolerance. The ability to speak and act on our actions will have an effect on our posterity and how they will live and how their generation will think. 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Marijuana Prohibition Canada Free Essays

The Controlled Substances Act (Marijuana Prohibition) CLN-4U Unit One Essay Cailey Bazik CLN 4U – Unit One Essay Controlled Substances Act Marijuana Prohibition The Controlled substance act pertaining to Marijuana has been a long on going battle as to whether marijuana should be legal in Canada and taken out of this act. The law behind the drug has a long history and many failed attempts at decriminalization. There are both positive and negative effects to this law, but I believe the positive effects weigh out the negative and that because of this marijuana will be legal in the near future. We will write a custom essay sample on Marijuana Prohibition Canada or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Marijuana laws in Canada today are unresolved, as superior courts have ruled all cannabis laws to be of â€Å"no force or effect†. Although the federal level of courts have made this ruling it has not caused any changes to other Canadian jurisdictions, the Criminal Code or the Controlled Substances Act. (â€Å"Legal History of Cannabis in Canada) The Controlled Drugs and Substances Act was passed in 1996 by the government under Prime Minister John Cretien. It is Canada’s federal drug control statue. This act outlines penalties for possession, trafficking and production of the substances established as illegal, including Marijuana. â€Å"Controlled Drugs and Substances Act) Canadian laws pertaining to drugs began in 1908 with the opium act, which was replaced by the opium and narcotic drug act in 1920. Marijuana however was not added to the confidential restricted list until 1923. (â€Å"Legal History of Cannabis in Canada†) Marijuana and the laws surroundin g the issue only started to receive attention in the 1930’s and even then it was very minimal. It wasn’t until the 1960’s where problems arose with the law. At this time the maximum penalty for possession of small amounts of cannabis was 6 months n prison and a $1000 fine. A government injury was commissioned and public hearings were held to analyze the law over a period of three years. A report on the findings of this inquiry was published in 1972. The â€Å"La Dain Commission† suggested that penalties for can ibis possession be abolished, but to not legalize the substance. Of course this proposal was denied, along with other potential law reforms over the years. (â€Å"here to help†) In Recent Years the fight for the decriminalization of Marijuana has been more persistent. Research showed that Marijuana for medical use could help a number of ailments and disieses. Medical Marijuana in Canada was made legal in 2001 for things such as HIV, AIDS, multiple sclerosis, spinal cord disease and injury, anorexia severe pain, seizures and persistent muscle spasms. (â€Å"Legal History of Cannabis in Canada†) Along with the boost in medical use came a boost in personal use. According to a report from the United Nations Canada is the highest in marijuana use in the industrialized world and more than four times the global rate. â€Å"Canadian Pot Use Four Time Global Rate†) In May 2002 Chretien introduced a bill to decriminalize marijuana for personal use. This bill was denied mainly because of pressure from the U. S and a threat to slow down border crossing between the two countries. Paul Martin in 2004 tried to pass an almost identical bill, which was also rejected. (â€Å"Legal History of Cannabis in Canada†) It was in 2007 when Justice Mini ster Rob Nicholson and the conservative minority government introduced Bill C-26, which presented mandatory minimum sentences for drug offenders (â€Å"Controlled Drugs and Substances Act†). A recent poll released by Toronto’s Forum Research showed that majority of Canadians support relaxing marijuana laws. In fact it showed that 65 % of Canadians support either the decriminalization in small amounts or legalization and taxation of the substance. (Ballingall) Unfortunately with the new mandatory minimum sentences it seems our laws do not reflect societies views. (Wood, Antweiler) Although it seems Canadians and Americans are in favour of decriminalizing Marijuana it is important to understand the reason these laws are there in the first place. Marijuana is harmful to ones health and to youth. The president of the Canadian Police Association believes Canadians are trying to decriminalize marijuana prematurely. He says supporters of change are overlooking the risks. â€Å"We don’t have the tools and the training available to us now to ensure that people aren’t driving cars, for example, or operating machinery, while they’re impaired by Marijuana† he said. â€Å" There are all kinds of implications that I don’t think people are considering carefully enough†¦ Its still a harmful substance ultimately† (Ballingall) That being said there are many negative effects to having the prohibition of Marijuana in place. The Union of B. C municipalities passed a resolution summoning research be done looking into the legalization of marijuana. They came to the conclusion that the prohibition has been ineffective in deterring youth use, and production of the plant. (Wood, Antweiler) It seems that other measures need to be taken in order to ensure the youth of Canada don’t use drugs recreationally, and criminalizing marijuana has little effect. Researchers from the University of British Columbia and Simon Fraser’s university have estimated B. C’s marijuana market would be worth more than $500 million annually. Unfortunately most of the revenue goes to criminal organizations. (Wood, Antweiler) This number is based on one province alone, think of how much this number would go up if the whole country were involved in their research. The profiting of criminal organizations in turn causes more violence, guns and other illegal activity in the country. If Canada were to legalize and tax cannabis the government would then receive all the profits, this money could fund government programs such as health care, social assistance and education. It would also significantly decrease criminal activity, and save money in courts and jails. One of the main reasons in the past for the prohibition on marijuana was the negative response from the U. S, however there are now 12 states that have decriminalized Marijuana (Wood, Antweiler) meaning there is less pressure from our bordering Country. This and the obvious preference of legalization from Canadian citizens means it is only a matter of time before marijuana is officially decriminalized, taken out of the Controlled Drugs Act, the criminal code and consistent laws in all Canadian jurisdictions. This I believe will come first, and potentially government controlled sales and taxation shortly after. It would be insane for the government to not take seize the opportunity to bring in so much revenue for the country. It seems as though the prolonged struggle to legalize marijuana still needs time and The Controlled Substances Act will remain as it is for a while longer. Although there are potentially many positive effects to decriminalization and controlled sales for taxation It is clear Canada still need the time to prepare to ensure it is done safety, effectively and not detrimental to youth. Canadians may be ready for a change and the government will eventually have to surrender, regardless of minor health issues cannabis causes. Bibliography 1. ) Ballingall, Alex. â€Å"Canada. † Thestar. com. The Toronto Star, 20 Nov. 2012. Web. 21 Feb. 2013. http://www. thestar. com/news/canada/2012/11/20/marijuana_legalization_or_decriminalization_backed_by_most_canadians_poll. html. 2. ) â€Å"Canadian Pot Use Four times Global Rate. † Canadian Pot Use Four times Global Rate. N. p. , 10 July 2007. Web. 21 Feb. 2013. http://www. canada. com/nationalpost/news/story. html? id=67996149-9dee-4a3a-a86e-f7a022274658. . ) â€Å"Controlled Drugs and Substances Act. † Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 02 Oct. 2013. Web. 21 Feb. 2013. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Controlled_Drugs_and_Substances_Act. 4. ) Hathaway, Andrew. â€Å"Legal History and Cultural Experience of Cannabis. † Www. heretohelp. ba. ca. N. p. , 2009. Web. 21 Feb. 2013. http://www. heretohelp. bc. ca/visions/cannabis-vol5/the-legal-history-and-cultural-experience-of-cannabis. 5. ) â€Å"Legal History of Cannabis in Canada. † Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 02 Apr. 2013. Web. 21 Feb. 2013. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Legal_history_of_cannabis_in_Canada How to cite Marijuana Prohibition Canada, Essay examples Marijuana Prohibition Canada Free Essays The Controlled Substances Act (Marijuana Prohibition) CLN-4U Unit One Essay Cailey Bazik CLN 4U – Unit One Essay Controlled Substances Act Marijuana Prohibition The Controlled substance act pertaining to Marijuana has been a long on going battle as to whether marijuana should be legal in Canada and taken out of this act. The law behind the drug has a long history and many failed attempts at decriminalization. There are both positive and negative effects to this law, but I believe the positive effects weigh out the negative and that because of this marijuana will be legal in the near future. We will write a custom essay sample on Marijuana Prohibition Canada or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Marijuana laws in Canada today are unresolved, as superior courts have ruled all cannabis laws to be of â€Å"no force or effect†. Although the federal level of courts have made this ruling it has not caused any changes to other Canadian jurisdictions, the Criminal Code or the Controlled Substances Act. (â€Å"Legal History of Cannabis in Canada) The Controlled Drugs and Substances Act was passed in 1996 by the government under Prime Minister John Cretien. It is Canada’s federal drug control statue. This act outlines penalties for possession, trafficking and production of the substances established as illegal, including Marijuana. â€Å"Controlled Drugs and Substances Act) Canadian laws pertaining to drugs began in 1908 with the opium act, which was replaced by the opium and narcotic drug act in 1920. Marijuana however was not added to the confidential restricted list until 1923. (â€Å"Legal History of Cannabis in Canada†) Marijuana and the laws surroundin g the issue only started to receive attention in the 1930’s and even then it was very minimal. It wasn’t until the 1960’s where problems arose with the law. At this time the maximum penalty for possession of small amounts of cannabis was 6 months n prison and a $1000 fine. A government injury was commissioned and public hearings were held to analyze the law over a period of three years. A report on the findings of this inquiry was published in 1972. The â€Å"La Dain Commission† suggested that penalties for can ibis possession be abolished, but to not legalize the substance. Of course this proposal was denied, along with other potential law reforms over the years. (â€Å"here to help†) In Recent Years the fight for the decriminalization of Marijuana has been more persistent. Research showed that Marijuana for medical use could help a number of ailments and disieses. Medical Marijuana in Canada was made legal in 2001 for things such as HIV, AIDS, multiple sclerosis, spinal cord disease and injury, anorexia severe pain, seizures and persistent muscle spasms. (â€Å"Legal History of Cannabis in Canada†) Along with the boost in medical use came a boost in personal use. According to a report from the United Nations Canada is the highest in marijuana use in the industrialized world and more than four times the global rate. â€Å"Canadian Pot Use Four Time Global Rate†) In May 2002 Chretien introduced a bill to decriminalize marijuana for personal use. This bill was denied mainly because of pressure from the U. S and a threat to slow down border crossing between the two countries. Paul Martin in 2004 tried to pass an almost identical bill, which was also rejected. (â€Å"Legal History of Cannabis in Canada†) It was in 2007 when Justice Mini ster Rob Nicholson and the conservative minority government introduced Bill C-26, which presented mandatory minimum sentences for drug offenders (â€Å"Controlled Drugs and Substances Act†). A recent poll released by Toronto’s Forum Research showed that majority of Canadians support relaxing marijuana laws. In fact it showed that 65 % of Canadians support either the decriminalization in small amounts or legalization and taxation of the substance. (Ballingall) Unfortunately with the new mandatory minimum sentences it seems our laws do not reflect societies views. (Wood, Antweiler) Although it seems Canadians and Americans are in favour of decriminalizing Marijuana it is important to understand the reason these laws are there in the first place. Marijuana is harmful to ones health and to youth. The president of the Canadian Police Association believes Canadians are trying to decriminalize marijuana prematurely. He says supporters of change are overlooking the risks. â€Å"We don’t have the tools and the training available to us now to ensure that people aren’t driving cars, for example, or operating machinery, while they’re impaired by Marijuana† he said. â€Å" There are all kinds of implications that I don’t think people are considering carefully enough†¦ Its still a harmful substance ultimately† (Ballingall) That being said there are many negative effects to having the prohibition of Marijuana in place. The Union of B. C municipalities passed a resolution summoning research be done looking into the legalization of marijuana. They came to the conclusion that the prohibition has been ineffective in deterring youth use, and production of the plant. (Wood, Antweiler) It seems that other measures need to be taken in order to ensure the youth of Canada don’t use drugs recreationally, and criminalizing marijuana has little effect. Researchers from the University of British Columbia and Simon Fraser’s university have estimated B. C’s marijuana market would be worth more than $500 million annually. Unfortunately most of the revenue goes to criminal organizations. (Wood, Antweiler) This number is based on one province alone, think of how much this number would go up if the whole country were involved in their research. The profiting of criminal organizations in turn causes more violence, guns and other illegal activity in the country. If Canada were to legalize and tax cannabis the government would then receive all the profits, this money could fund government programs such as health care, social assistance and education. It would also significantly decrease criminal activity, and save money in courts and jails. One of the main reasons in the past for the prohibition on marijuana was the negative response from the U. S, however there are now 12 states that have decriminalized Marijuana (Wood, Antweiler) meaning there is less pressure from our bordering Country. This and the obvious preference of legalization from Canadian citizens means it is only a matter of time before marijuana is officially decriminalized, taken out of the Controlled Drugs Act, the criminal code and consistent laws in all Canadian jurisdictions. This I believe will come first, and potentially government controlled sales and taxation shortly after. It would be insane for the government to not take seize the opportunity to bring in so much revenue for the country. It seems as though the prolonged struggle to legalize marijuana still needs time and The Controlled Substances Act will remain as it is for a while longer. Although there are potentially many positive effects to decriminalization and controlled sales for taxation It is clear Canada still need the time to prepare to ensure it is done safety, effectively and not detrimental to youth. Canadians may be ready for a change and the government will eventually have to surrender, regardless of minor health issues cannabis causes. Bibliography 1. ) Ballingall, Alex. â€Å"Canada. † Thestar. com. The Toronto Star, 20 Nov. 2012. Web. 21 Feb. 2013. http://www. thestar. com/news/canada/2012/11/20/marijuana_legalization_or_decriminalization_backed_by_most_canadians_poll. html. 2. ) â€Å"Canadian Pot Use Four times Global Rate. † Canadian Pot Use Four times Global Rate. N. p. , 10 July 2007. Web. 21 Feb. 2013. http://www. canada. com/nationalpost/news/story. html? id=67996149-9dee-4a3a-a86e-f7a022274658. . ) â€Å"Controlled Drugs and Substances Act. † Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 02 Oct. 2013. Web. 21 Feb. 2013. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Controlled_Drugs_and_Substances_Act. 4. ) Hathaway, Andrew. â€Å"Legal History and Cultural Experience of Cannabis. † Www. heretohelp. ba. ca. N. p. , 2009. Web. 21 Feb. 2013. http://www. heretohelp. bc. ca/visions/cannabis-vol5/the-legal-history-and-cultural-experience-of-cannabis. 5. ) â€Å"Legal History of Cannabis in Canada. † Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 02 Apr. 2013. Web. 21 Feb. 2013. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Legal_history_of_cannabis_in_Canada How to cite Marijuana Prohibition Canada, Papers

Occupational Therapy Rehabilitation Programs

Question: Describe about the Occupational Therapy for Rehabilitation Programs. Answer: Introduction Rehabilitation programs are crucial for resuming the active lifestyle and recover soon from the injury or illness, that involves disability. The rehabilitation and recovery programs generally targets enhancement of patients willingness for recovery and support for easy and faster recovery process from the chronic illness. However, setting up goals is one of the preliminary steps, which determines the efficiency and time for recovery process. There are several injuries or illness, which needs assistance and support for faster recovery; for instance total knee replacement, total hip replacement, bone fracture and other major injuries (Abraham Michie, 2008). Several barriers can hinder the proper procedure of rehabilitation technique, whereas there are some factors or strategies that can influence the rehabilitation and recovery procedure. To set the goals and priorities for rehabilitation and recovery process, health models or theories are used by the health care professionals, for en suring the patients needs has been prioritized during the health care planning. In this context, the health care professional should assess the patients needs thoroughly before planning the rehabilitation sessions. Support is one of the crucial aspects in the recovery and rehabilitation processes. It is because, empowerment of a disabled patient helps in stimulating them for faster recovery. Here in this assignment, the focus is the patient, Mr. X, who has knee replacement and facing difficulties in coping with his status and disabilities. Thus, based on his status and needs, his rehabilitation sessions would be planned. Here, in this assignment, the factors that were hindering the patients engagement in the recovery and rehabilitation will be discussed with the help of recovery related theories (Bertisch et al., 2014). On the other hand, the strategies that would help the patients engagement and their recovery would be included in this assignment. Finally, the barriers, facilitators and the recommended strategies would be summarized to provide a brief overview. Identity of the client During my job period at a rehabilitation centre, I met one client Mr. X, who was facing difficulties in engaging with rehabilitation and recovery from severe illness. The client Mr. X is a 55 years old male, who have severe arthritis and suffering from severe pain at his left knee and mobility impairment. The medical professional recommended total knee replacement or arthroplasty of his left knee. After a successful surgery, the recovery period was quite difficult for Mr. X, as it was very difficult for him to stay at bed as a disable person. He was a cheerful and active person before is surgery. Now, his condition was not feasible to support his previous active role. Thus, he is becoming anxious and depressed due to his disability. The impaired mobility of Mr. X was making him demotivated hindering his social involvement. The patient needs appropriate rehabilitation and recovery strategies for his faster and easy recovery. Mr. X was having negative pain perception and poor perceived self-efficacy as well as pessimistic personality traits, which were significantly hindering his efficient engagement with the rehabilitation and recovery process (Bright et al., 2014). He was a negative perception that movements can cause additional pain except the surgical pain, which along with the persistent postoperative pain symptoms were the cause behind his poor quality of rehabilitation. All of these consequences were leading to his decreased activity after rehabilitation and reduced social involvement along with increased psychological issues. Psychological consequences of the illness Orthopedic surgery usually needs many months of rehabilitation for getting a successful outcome; however, there are several psychological factors that can influence pain perceptions of the patient, compliance with the rehabilitation and the outcomes from the patient treatment after orthopedic surgeries like a total knee replacement surgery. Total knee replacement is a complicated illness, which involve the replacement of knee with an artificial knee joining. The complicated surgery needs a long-term recovery and during this period, severe pain and disability usually stimulates the onset of negative psychological issues in the patients. Patients need proper care and support for better adherence with the recovery and rehabilitation processes after a total knee replacement surgery (Bright et al., 2011). It has been revealed from several literatures that the mobility impairment and loss of autonomy or independence causes isolation and behavioral changes in the patient. It has been seen t hat most of the patients shows non-adherence with the rehabilitation processes, due to depression and anxiety related symptoms. It has been argued that there is a strong relationship between psychological symptoms and pain and disability, this prevalence of psychological symptoms are high in the pre and postoperative stages in the patients, who have undergone knee and hip replacement. It has been revealed from the previous literatures that the depressive symptoms in knee and hip replacement are higher, i.e. 33.6 % in one study, compared to coronary heart diseases, cancer or diabetes (Bright et al., 2011). However, age is a key determinant of the psychological consequences of the knee replacement surgery. However, reviewing previous literatures, it has also been found that throughout the recovery period, the psychological symptoms are reduced gradually, with the decrease in pain and disability. It has been revealed that 12 months postoperative no further reduction in the depressive symptoms were found compared to 3 months postoperative. Studies have shown that treating patients with psychotherapy before the surgery can lead to better results after the total knee replacement surgery. However, studies have also shown that proper management and emotional support had led to better results with the patients having depressive or anxious behavior. However, it has been see n in many previous cases that the support of physiotherapist and other medical professionals reduced the time for recovery along with the symptoms of psychological consequences. Barriers in engaging the client in rehabilitation Lack of support is one of the major barriers in engaging clients in rehabilitation. In case o Mr. X, it has been noticed that he was not adhered to the treatment procedure, which was one of the key reason behind his extended recovery time. On the other hand, the willingness of the patient is another key barrier for the patients recovery, because, until the patient is not adhering with the rehabilitation process, the success of the process would be doubtful. Moreover, the education and awareness of the patient is very important in this context (Ellis-Hill, Paynem Ward, 2008). Until the patient becomes aware of his status and the importance of his compliance with the rehabilitation process, the patients adherence with the treatment procedure would not be assured. In case of Mr. X, it has been noticed that he was aware of his current condition, but he was not aware of the pros and cons of the rehabilitation process and the importance of his compliance with the rehabilitation process. O nce he will be aware about the facts, his adherence with the rehabilitation and recovery process will be enhanced. The unclear perception of the patient about the pros and cons of the recovery process is a key barrier. Negative perception, psychological issues and stress are the factors that can delay the recovery process by stimulating the negative perception about the disorder. In the case of Mr. X, he was not willing to take his medicines an d physiotherapies, due to severe pain and showed depression and anxiety. The behavioral changes affected his communication with the medical professionals and physiotherapist, which further worsened his recovery process. Lack of support from the medical professionals and the family, relatives and dear ones are also the major factor that acts as a barrier of engagement of the patient with the rehabilitation process. In this context, it has been revealed that the support from the patients family is lost, due to the independence of the patient. In the case of Mr. X, he was lacking the support from family and friends, which is the major reason behind his depression. One current study by Gollwitzer (1999) highlighted that the patients who got support from their family and friends, recover easily and faster, compared to the patients who do not get family support. Moreover, the lack of family and peer support is a major cause behind the negative emotions, which leads to the psychological problems, further reducing the patients recovery rate. Low progress takes more time to recover and longer recovery time reduces patients compliance and adherence with the treatment and rehabilitation process. As it takes more time to recover from the disabled state, loss of independence for longer period makes the patient anxious, agitated and irritated. This Happened to Mr. X, as he was facing difficulties in engagin g with the rehabilitation and recovery process after his total knee replacement surgery. Lack of competency in the medical professionals attending the patient in recovery or rehabilitation is another factor that can be a barrier of faster and easy recovery of a patient undergoing total hip and knee replacement. In case of Mr. X, lack of the development of professional relationship with the health care professional was the key cause of his reduced compliance with the rehabilitation process and delay in progress of the recovery process (Hall et al., 2010). Mr. was unable to maintain a good communication with the medical professionals, due to the lack of positive communication skills of the nurse or other medical professionals attending him. In this context, he was attending the rehabilitation process with low adherence and reported lack of motivation and support from the care providers including physiotherapist and other health care practitioners. Lack of patients assessment before setting the goals can lead to negative consequences or can lead to the unavailability of the patients support from the other health care professionals. These factors are responsible for patients non-adherence with the rehabilitation process and delayed recovery process. Moreover, lack of assessment of patients priorities also hinders the patients efficient recovery, because, the patients actual needs are not addressed during the rehabilitation procedure, leading to unrealistic goal settings, which does not provide expected outcomes. Thus, goal setting is a very important factor that can influence the patient engagement and lack of which can hinder the rehabilitation and recovery process. Pain perception is another factor that can hinder a patients recovery and rehabilitation compliance. It is because, orthopedic patient usually have a perception that movement of the limb or the surgical area will put additional strain on their body, causing massive pain additional to the surgical pain. Unchanged perception leads to their decreased mobility, which is beyond the expectation in a rehabilitation process. This leads to stiffness of joints or other surgical area and persistence of the pain in the joints or other surgical areas, which hinders patients compliance with the rehabilitation and follow-up sessions. However, while concerned about the return of the patient to work after the orthopedic surgery and rehabilitation process, not only the physical and emotional status of the patient and support from his family and medical professionals are important, rather, support from the organization, other employees and other support groups are also have significant role. Harding an dWilliams (1995) identified lack of information access, lack of support group, lack of understanding and collaboration from the employer were the most important barrier for a patient to return to his work. Thus, it can be said that persona, clinical, occupational and health service factors are also important for the patient to return to his work. Factors influencing engagement in rehabilitation After orthopedic surgery including total joint replacement, i.e. total knee replacement or total hip replacement surgery, the total recovery and getting back to normal life before surgery, is a time consuming process. The recovery can be influenced and progress can be faster by the help of some facilitators of rehabilitation. One factor identified that has an important role in facilitating patients engagement in the rehabilitation process is knowledge about ones limit and motivating the patient for physical training and movement of the surgical body parts. Patient-centered approach- A patient centered approach in the rehabilitation sessions can influence the patients engagement in the recovery and rehabilitation process. It is because, the patient-centered approach tend to prioritize the patients needs from every aspects, including the physical, psychological, social and emotional. Patients well being is dependent upon all of these aspects and it contributes to patients overall recovery and gaining the normal life back (Harding Williams, 1995). Emotional support with respect and dignity- The most important factor-facilitating patients recovery and well-being is emotional support. In case of Mr. X, he was lacking an emotional support. Showing respect and dignity towards the patient, without any kind of biasness is the key of engaging and empowering the patient in his work. While handling patients like Mr. X, the practitioner should show respect towards the patient and prioritize patients feelings and perceptions. It enhances patients positive perception about the therapeutic procedure and engage patient with the rehabilitation procedure (Harris, 2006). Goal setting based on patients needs- Goal setting is the basic step in the rehabilitation and recovery process after an orthopedic surgery. Goal setting determines the probability of getting expected outcomes through the rehabilitation process. In this context, assessment of the patients needs is very important. Assessing the physical and psychological status of the patient helps the health professional to understand the actual needs of the patient, based on which the therapeutic goals of rehabilitation are established. It enhances the possibility of getting success easier and faster. In contrast, setting unrealistic goals, without assessing the patients needs reduces the chance of getting success from the rehabilitation process (Kayes McPherson, 2012). Therapeutic alliance- Therapeutic alliance is referred to the relationship between the patient and health care professional. It is a very important facilitator of engaging patient in rehabilitation process after orthopedic surgery, through which Mr. X has undergone. Several literatures identified therapeutic alliance as an important determinant of patient engagement and positive health outcomes following rehabilitation. For this, the health care practitioners should have required skills and competence including good communication and coordination with the patient. Providing value to the patients view during the therapeutic work can help to enhance patients trust towards the therapist, which in turn can establish a positive relationship within the patient and the health care practitioner (Kayes et al., 2015). Family support and engaging patients family in rehabilitation- Mr. X did not received enough family support, which is one of the significant determinants of the positive health outcomes following rehabilitation. Thus, in person-centered care, engaging patients family in the procedure is helpful. Involving patients family provides a homely environment to the patient, which eliminates the discrimination of the patient as a disabled person, thereby encouraging his engagement through the procedure. Psychotherapy and counseling- Literatures has suggested that there is a significant connection between poor recovery and related outcomes with stress and depression related symptoms. Thus, different literatures suggested that the psychotherapy and counseling during the rehabilitation is helpful for reducing this psychological hindrance of patients engagement in the rehabilitation process. Enhancing self-esteem and self-management- Self-management is the key concept in the rehabilitation process. As in knee replacement surgery, patient temporarily looses independence; it also reduces patients self-esteem. Thus, the therapists should support the patient to be encouraged and be independent. For this, self-management skills should be taught (Levack, Kayes Fadyl, 2010). Educational health promotion- Patient must understand the importance of rehabilitation process in his life and its effect upon his working and independent life. In case of Mr. X, due to lack of proper knowledge, the negative pain perceptions were enhancing, reducing his compliance with the rehabilitation process. Social support- Social support is another important factor that can facilitate patients engagement in rehabilitation. Social support can help to reduce patients isolation and can enhance self-esteem, thereby enhancing compliance with the therapeutic process. While considering patients return to work after rehabilitation process, there are some other factors influencing their continuous recovery and adoption in the workplace. The most important factor is the occupational factors. Supporting the patients engagement with the recovery process, the employers and other employees should consider the patients condition and should help him to cope with the situation. It has been seen that, a patient returning to the workplace after a surgery, often treated as disabled person and sympathized, which hinders the patients emotional well being, because, an active person is being considered as a disabled or physically challenged person and discriminated from peers in the workplace (McPherson, Kayes Kersten, 2014). This discrimination can lead to depressive symptoms, affecting his behavior. The patient becomes anxious and agitated, hindering his continuous recovery and returning to normal lifestyle. Theory supporting rehabilitation To enhance Mr. Xs engagement with the rehabilitation process, theoretical models can be used for better understanding and strategy implementation. One renowned theory can be used here, the health belief model. The health belief model emphasizes on the perception of a person about the effect of health issues upon their lives and help to plan actions for helping patients engagement in health promoting activities. This model helps to predict and explain health behaviors, by focusing on the attitudes and perception of individual. Figure: Health belief model (Source: Mudge, Stretton Kayes, 2013) According to the health belief model, patients tend to compliance with the therapeutic procedure to prevent, screen for or control ill health, once they believe that they are susceptible to such a condition, that can have a serious negative impact upon their lives and a course of therapeutic action might be beneficial in reducing susceptibility or severity of the ill condition. Moreover, the patient should believe that the benefits of the action would outweigh the barriers. In case of Mr. Xs case, the health belief model is suitable because, it emphasizes on patients perception for negative consequences of not engaging with the therapeutic actions. However, for aligning the case with the health belief model, health promotion education is very important, which will make Mr. X aware of the pros and cons of the rehabilitation and its important in returning back to his normal life. In this context, his perception about pain and severity of his condition can be modified by his therapists support. In addition, the health education can modify his perceived benefits from rehabilitation and barriers of his engagement, which will be reduced by him once he is aware about all the facts (Mudge, Kayes McPherson, 2015). From his perceived severity, threats related to non-compliance with the rehabilitation would be understood by Mr. X, which will encourage him to stay engaged with the rehabilitation process and adhere to the therapeutic actions. Engagement of Mr. X with a positive health behavior will stimulate his recovery, which in turn help him to get back his normal life in short period and return to his job. The health care professional has to change the perception of Mr. X that rehabilitation and embedded physical exercise sessions would enhance his pain, rather than giving him relief. Here, the therapist is solely accountable for encouraging Mr. to be aware of the fact that rehabilitation is the best way to get back to his normal active life, without any hindrance. In addition to the health belief model, self-regulation theory can be used here, to enhance Mr. Xs engagement in the rehabilitation and recovery process. This theory can help people who are experiencing sickness behavior. The sickness behavior is one kind of behavior that arises during ill health condition, like Mr. Xs depression, anxiety and other related symptoms. According to this theory, a conscious personal management involves the process of guiding feelings, perceptions and behaviors to reach personal goals. There are four components of self-regulation, standards of desirable behavior, motivation to meet standards, monitoring of situations and thoughts that precede breaking said standards and willpower (Nieuwenhuijsen et al., 2006). The self-regulation model and its component can be used by the health care professional to motivate Mr. X towards rehabilitation engagement and enhancing his self-esteem and self-management skills to stimulate the rehabilitation process and returnin g to work. Recommended strategies for practice Cognitive behavioral approaches- the cognitive behavioral approach include psychotherapy and behavioral therapies, which are helpful for Mr. X to be motivated and being engaged with the rehabilitation process. Here, the therapist should show dignity and respect to modify his perception about the rehabilitation process. In addition, these behavioral therapies will help Mr. X to control his psychological issues, which are hindering the patient engagement. Motivational interviewing and therapeutic alliance- Motivating interview of Mr. X by his therapist and the employer can help him to be engaged in the rehabilitation process and cope with his working life after returning to his work. Motivational interviewing can help him to understand the importance of his rehabilitation process in his recovery and returning to his work. However, the interviewer should show respect and dignity towards Mr. X for providing value to his words and make a trustworthy relationship (Petrie, Jago Devcich, 2007). Facilitating physical activity- Physical activity is one of best strategy to improve patients engagement and recovery process. Physical activity helps to enhance patients self-dependence, which is the key reason behind Mr. Xs depression and changed behavior. However, the physiotherapist should make him aware about the correct physical activity and the limit, which will give him relief, rather than increasing pain. Health promotion- Health promotion is a key strategy that helps in enhancing patients awareness about the condition and recommended actions. Mr. Xs professionals were unable to promote his health outcomes due to failure in establishing a good relationship with him and due to lack of competence in making him aware of the benefits of the process. Thus, health promotion will help Mr. X to understand the importance of the compliance with the rehabilitation and change is perceived benefits and threats, thereby motivating his engagement (Siegert, McPherson Taylor, 2004). Summary This assignment highlighted the case of Mr. X, who was suffering from severe pain and psychological issues after his total knee replacement surgery. The assignment highlighted some barriers including lack of motivation, lack of family support, lack of educational knowledge about the importance of rehabilitation and lack of therapeutic alliance, which hindered his engagement with the therapeutic processes and recovery. 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